PRACTICAL RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGY. 741 



inoculation. 3. Number of animals dying within twelve days 

 after the second inoculation. 4. Number of animals dying of 

 anthrax within a year after protective inoculations. 5. The 

 yearly average loss before inoculations were practiced. The 

 total number of animals inoculated during the period to which 

 this report refers was 1,788,677 sheep and 200,962 cattle. The 

 average annual loss before these protective inoculations were 

 practiced is said to have been about ten per cent for sheep and 

 five per cent for cattle. The total mortality from this disease 

 among inoculated animals, including that resulting from the in- 

 oculations, was 0'94 per cent for sheep and 0'34 per cent for cattle. 

 Chamberland estimates that the total saving as a result of the 

 inoculations practiced has been five million francs for sheep and 

 two million francs for cattle. 



Podmolinoff gives the following summary of results obtained 

 in 1892 and 1893 in the government of Kherson (Russia) : Num- 

 ber of sheep inoculated, 67,176 ; loss, 294 = 0'43 per cent. Number 

 of horses inoculated, 1,452 ; loss, 8. Number of cattle inoculated, 

 3,652 ; loss, 2. The conclusion is reached that Pasteur's method 

 of inoculation affords an immunity against infection with viru- 

 lent anthrax bacilli in greater amounts than could ever occur 

 under natural conditions. 



Another disease in which inoculations have been practiced on 

 a large scale is erysipelas of swine (rouget of French authors), 

 which prevails extensively in France and other parts of Europe. 



Pasteur's first studies relating to the aetiology of rouget were 

 made in collaboration with Chamberland, Roux, and Thuillier in 

 1882. Pasteur found that the virulence of his cultures was in- 

 creased by passing them through pigeons and diminished by 

 passing them through rabbits. By a series of inoculations in 

 rabbits he obtained an attenuated virus suitable for protective 

 inoculations in swine. In practice he recommended the use of a 

 mild virus first, and after an interval of twelve days of a stronger 

 virus. These inoculations have been extensively practiced in 

 France, and the fact that immunity may be established in this 

 way is well demonstrated. 



In a paper published in 1894 Chamberland states that in the 

 preceding seven years, during which time protective inoculations 

 had been practiced in France on a large scale, the mortality from 

 rouget had been reduced to 1*45 per cent, whereas before these 

 inoculations were practiced the mortality from this disease was 

 about twenty per cent. 



Hutyra has given the following statistics of inoculations made 

 in Hungary during the year 1889 with " vaccines " obtained from 

 the Pasteur laboratory in Vienna : 48,637 pigs were inoculated on 

 117 different farms. Of these, 143 (0*29 per cent) died between the 



