THE NEW GEOGRAPHY. 819 



with the sciences of Nature, particularly geology. At the same 

 time it will gain in its philosophical aspects, bringing it into 

 harmony with Krapotkin's definition as " in its higher stages a 

 philosophical review of knowledge acquired by different branches 

 of science." 



I have recently compared the catalogues of fifty of the better- 

 known American colleges and universities. Thirty-three of these 

 documents afford no reason to suppose that geography receives 

 systematic attention in their respective institutions. Of the re- 

 maining seventeen, Harvard University and the University of 

 Chicago give the fullest measure of instruction, and wholly, it 

 scarcely need be added, of the most progressive type. In both, 

 geography makes part of the department of geology. Harvard 

 has, as is well known, a thoroughly equipped geographic labora- 

 tory, and offers largely attended elementary and advanced courses 

 in meteorology and physical geography. Among the subjects of 

 research by advanced special students last year were : the topo- 

 graphical development of shore lines, the flood plain of the Missis- 

 sippi, the Great Plains of the West, the effect of local topography 

 on general winds, and the features of arctic climate. In Chicago 

 we find courses in physiography or genetic geography ; in geo- 

 graphic geology, treating the origin, development, and destruction 

 of geographic features and the significance of landscape contours, 

 or geophysiognomy. There are laboratory work in geographic ge- 

 ology, and a course in what is called dynamic geography, inclu- 

 sive of the agencies involved in geographic evolution. Yale 

 offers one course in physical geography, embracing the elements 

 of dynamic geology and natural history ; also one course of twelve 

 lectures on physical geography in relation to political history. 

 Princeton has two courses, physical geography proper, based on 

 Guyot's text-book, and physical geography in relation to history. 

 Cornell has one course, with emphasis on development of topo- 

 graphic forms, and also a course in glacial geology. Michigan 

 does not offer the subject formally, but the development of topog- 

 raphy is taught under geology. Vassar, Hamilton, Rochester, 

 Wesleyan, and North Carolina give instruction in physiography. 

 Leland Stanford, Jr., has a course in topographic geology, and 

 Oberlin a course in quaternary geology. At Amherst the subject 

 is treated briefly with historical geology, and at Colgate semi- 

 nary and field courses are given in the history of topography and 

 in glacial geology. 



In many of the above institutions, but not in all, the new geog- 

 raphy evidently has place, though the variety of nomenclature and 

 method shows how new the subject is to the higher schools. In 

 several cases its presence is directly traceable to the influence of 

 Harvard. As a whole it may be said that geography is not yet 



