THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 195 



lighter complexioned as a rule. Dr. Beddoe asserts that in 

 Britain it is more often true than otherwise.* But if we turn to 

 central Europe we are completely foiled. The association of stat- 

 ure and blondness fails or is reversed in Bavaria, in Baden, along 

 the Adriatic, and in upper Austria and Salzburg, as well as among 

 the European recruits observed in America during our civil war. 

 In Wurtemberg alone have we assurance that the relation holds 

 good.f It seems to me significant, however, that when the asso- 

 ciation fails, as in the highlands of Austria, where the environ- 

 ment is eliminated, as in lower Austria, the tall men again become 

 characteristically more blond than the short ones. In this last 

 case environment is to blame ; in others, racial intermixture, or it 

 may be merely chance variation, is the cause. 



In order to avoid disappointment, let us bear in mind that in 

 no other part of the world save modern America is such an amal- 

 gamation of various peoples to be found as in Europe. History, 

 and archaeology long before history, show us a continual picture 

 of tribes appearing and disappearing, crossing and recrossing in 

 their migrations, assimilating, dividing, colonizing, conquering, 

 or being absorbed. It follows from this that, even if our environ- 

 ment were uniform, our pure types must be exceedingly rare. 

 Experience proves that the vast majority of the population of 

 this continent shows evidence of crossing. Thus, in Germany, of 

 six million school children observed on a given day, not one half 

 of them showed the simple combination of dark eyes and dark 

 hair or of light eyes and light hair. In the British Isles it appears 

 that over thirty per cent of persons measured have fair eyes and 

 dark hair in other words, that the hair and the eyes do not ac- 

 company one another in type. Of four hundred and eighty-six 

 students of the Institute of Technology, sixty-five per cent of 

 them were of this mixed type. Even among the Jews, less than 

 forty per cent of them are characterized by the same tinge of hair 

 and eyes ; so that in general we can not expect that more than 

 one third of the population will be marked by this simple and 

 single combination. We need not be surprised, therefore, that 

 if we next seek to add a third characteristic, say the shape of the 

 head, to this combination of hair and eyes, we find the propor- 

 tion of pure types combining all three traits in a fixed measure 

 to be very small indeed. Imagine a fourth trait, stature, or a 



* Stature and Bulk of Man in the British Isles, p. 171. The opposite is perhaps true 

 in Scotland (Topinard, Elements, p. 491). 



f Ranke. Physische Beitrage zur Anthropologie Bay eras, p. 195 seq. ; and Der Mensch, 

 ii, p. 124. Ammon, in Sammlung gemeinverstandlicher, wissenschaftliche Vortrage, Series 

 V, vol. ci, p. 14. Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxv, p. 70. 

 Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, Supplement, 1884, p. 26. Baxter, op cit., vol. i, pp. 23, 38. 

 Von Holder, Zusammenstellung der in Wiirteraberg vorkommenden Schadelforraen, p. 6. 



