THE HISTORY OF ALCOHOL. 231 



or more, with women than with men, inasmuch as we have all the 

 power we need to remedy the wrongs complained of, and yet 

 we do not use it for that end. It is my deep conviction that all 

 reasonable and conscientious men of our age, and especially of 

 our country, are not only willing but anxious to provide for the 

 good of our sex. They will gladly bestow all that is just, reason- 

 able, and kind, whenever we unite in asking in the proper spirit 

 and manner. In the half a century since I began to work for the 

 education and relief of my sex, I have succeeded so largely by 

 first convincing intelligent and benevolent women that what I 

 aimed at was right, and desirable, and then securing their influ- 

 ence with their fathers, brothers, and husbands, and always with 

 success." 



Miss Beecher, like Mrs. Willard and Mrs. Phelps, made text- 

 books for the use of her own seminaries, and her Arithmetic, 

 and Mental and Moral Philosophy, and Applied Theology were 

 among the educational forces of her day. It is one of the sig- 

 nificant signs of the times that science and education, as well as 

 philanthropy, are occupying themselves just now with childhood 

 and motherhood and housewifery. Mrs. Willard's high ideal of 

 womanliness is beginning to be set forth by the electric light of 

 modern thought. 



THE HISTORY OF ALCOHOL. 



BY DR. CHARLES ERNEST PELLEW. 

 I. 



IN studying the history of alcoholic beverages we are at once 

 brought face to face with the fact that there has hardly been 

 a nation on the face of the globe which has not used some vari- 

 ety of stimulant or narcotic. In almost every instance this has 

 been some form of alcohol, and in a few cases where alcohol has 

 been unknown, and tobacco, opium, hemp, or some other drug 

 used in its stead, the introduction of alcohol has been followed at 

 once by its use and, alas ! its abuse. A curious example of this is 

 given in the account of Henry Hudson's famous voyage in 1609, 

 when he discovered the Hudson River. The Indian chief and 

 warriors waited for him on the shore of Manhattan Island, pre- 

 pared to sacrifice to the great " manito in red." He landed, with 

 a few of his crew, and pouring out some rum into a glass, drank 

 it to their health, and then passed a cupful round to the Indians. 

 One after another they shrank from it, evidently fearing that it 

 contained a deadly poison. At last one, bolder than the rest,, 

 drank it down, and soon began to reel and stagger, and finally 

 fell. His companions were horror-struck. But soon he recovered 



