THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 451 



nose straight rather than arched, the lips somewhat thick, the 

 maxillary (jaw and cheek) bones strongly developed, the com- 

 plexion very brown, the hair very dark and growing low on 

 the forehead a whole which, without being attractive, was in 

 no way repulsive." * 



The prehistoric antiquity of the Cro-Magnon type in this 

 region is attested in two distinct ways. In the first place, the 

 people possessed no knowledge of the metals ; they were in the 

 same stage of culture as, perhaps even lower than, the American 

 aborigines at the coming of Columbus. Their implements were 

 fashioned entirely of stone, although it was often cunningly 

 chipped and even polished. They were ignorant of the arts, 

 either of agriculture or the domestication of animals, in both of 

 which they were far below the culture of the native tribes of 

 Africa at the present day. Additional proof of their antiquity 

 was offered by the animal remains found intermingled with the 

 human bones. The climate must have been very different from 

 that of the present, for many of the fauna then living in the 

 region, such as the reindeer, are now confined to the cold regions 

 of northern Europe. To be sure, the great mammals, such as the 

 mammoth, mastodon, the cave bear, and hyena, had already be- 

 come extinct. They were contemporaneous with a still more an- 

 cient and uncultured type of man, whose remains occur in a lower 

 geological stratum. This Cro-Magnon race is not of glacial 

 antiquity, yet the distribution of mammals was markedly differ- 

 ent from that of to-day. Thus of nineteen species found in the 

 Cro-Magnon cave, ten no longer existed in southern Europe. 

 They had migrated with the change of climate toward the north. 

 The men alone seem to have remained in or near their early settle- 

 ments, through all the changes of time and the vicissitudes of his- 

 tory. It is perhaps the most striking instance known of a per- 

 sistency of population unchanged through thousands of years. 



It should not be understood that this Cro-Magnon type was 

 originally restricted to this little region alone. Its geographical 

 extension was once very wide.f The classical skull of Engis, in 

 Belgium, so well described by Huxley in Man's Place in Nature, 

 was of this type. It has been located in places all the way from 

 Tagolsheim and Bollwiller in Alsace to the Atlantic on the west. 

 Ranke asserts that it occurs to-day in the hills of Thuringia, and 

 was a prevalent type there in the. past. Its extension to the south 

 and west was equally wide. It was the type common among the 

 extinct Guanches of the Canary Islands. Dr. Collignon has iden- 



* For description of modern representatives of this type, vide Quatrefages, in Bulletins 

 Societe d'Anthropologie, 1876, pp. 408-417. 



f Dr. Verneau. La Race Cro-Magnon, in Revue d'Anthropologie, 1886, p. 10 seq. 



