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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



and are in sum that " children must at once 

 be introduced to real knowledge, be given 

 something worth their efforts, and treated as 

 rational human beings, who ought not, even 

 if they could, be made to greatly care for the 

 symbols and shows of learning in the ab- 

 sence of the real substance, nor led to ima- 

 gine that they were being mentally and mor- 

 ally nourished that is, educated when fed 

 on chaff mainly." This part deals with the 

 Quality of Studies, the Order of Studies, the 

 Effects of Studies, and the Ends to be served 

 by Studies all with the view of producing 

 a fully rounded, keen-eyed, alert, and self- 

 dependent man or woman, able to do his 

 share in the world's work, and to fill his 

 place in the social order in short, to attain 

 to his highest development while fully 

 sympathizing with the endeavors of his 

 fellows. The doers of mankind are to be 

 developed ; the dreamers find no place in the 

 author's scheme of education. 



Part III gives some details about the 

 teaching of special subjects, including Sci- 

 ence, History, Literature, Language, Mathe- 

 matics, Industrial Training, Means of Ex- 

 pression, and a chapter for mothers entitled 

 At Home, indicating in what ways a mother 

 may awaken her child's powers of observa- 

 tion. Part IV gives some suggestions about 

 the atmosphere of the schoolroom. The 

 experiment was made in 1831, when "nat- 

 ural-science studies had not been made an 

 integral part of any primary schoolroom, and 

 literature and history in such grades were 

 mostly unthought of." Long strides in ad- 

 vance have of course been made in the six- 

 teen years intervening ; still, the book can not 

 fail to arouse into more thoughtful activity 

 many teachers, and it should especially appeal 

 to mothers and to educators who advocate 

 individual instruction. What may by some 

 be considered an objection to the system is 

 that it makes enormous demands on the in- 

 genuity of the teacher, for in place of the 

 routine of the schoolroom it puts individual 

 thinking. 



Mr. Moore's brief treatise on the Philoso- 

 phy of Art * is a thoughtful study, by a man 

 who has had time and opportunity to give 

 full attention to the subject from the lit- 



* A Treatise on the Philosophy of Art. By D. 

 B. Moore. St. John, N. B. Pp.33. 



erary rather than the evolutional point of 

 view, of the origin and nature of the arts, 

 which he classifies as those appealing to the 

 sight and to the hearing. The author re- 

 gards them all as primarily the outgrowth of 

 necessity, and esteems as the most interest- 

 ing feature of his inquiry the paradoxical 

 nature of the transition from the original 

 condition and purposes of art to its later and 

 present uses. 



A new work on geology, both suitable for 

 a college text-book and very attractive to the 

 general reader, has been written by Prof. 

 Scott, of Princeton.* The author's plan has 

 been to make a book dealing principally 

 with American geology, after the style of Sir 

 Archibald Geikie's Class- Book. Its Ameri- 

 can character is a marked feature of the 

 present work. It is clearly advantageous, 

 the author remarks, that we should make use 

 of our own country in selecting typical facts 

 for study. Accordingly, the formations that 

 he describes and figures are nearly all Ameri- 

 can. Prof. Scott has had the use of a great 

 deal of material collected for the United 

 States Geological Survey, and .a large part of 

 his nearly three hundred figures are repro- 

 duced from photographs taken for the sur- 

 vey. Prof. Scott does not make much use of 

 diagrams, evidently preferring to show the 

 reader the actual appearance of the exam- 

 ples that may be seen in the field. The 

 value of field study is strongly emphasized 

 by him. Dynamical geology is the first of 

 the large divisions of the subject that he con- 

 siders, beginning with igneous agencies, but 

 for students who begin a study of the sub. 

 ject in the fall he advises taking up other chap- 

 ters first. He makes a special division of the 

 work under the title Physiographical Geology, 

 in which he has three chapters dealing with 

 the changes in topography effected by geo- 

 logical agencies, and the clews which topo- 

 graphical features give in tracing past geo. 

 logical operations. A little more than one 

 third of the work is devoted to historical or 

 stratigraphical geology. Here, while both 

 American and foreign formations and fossils 

 are described, the foreign are always placed 

 in a separate paragraph after the American, 



* An Introduction to Geology. By William B. 

 Scott. New York : The Macmillan Co. Pp. 573, 

 8vo. Price, $1.90. 



