3 io POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



able because it represents a complete reversal of the earliest theories 

 on the subject. Retzius, in 1842, from a comparison of the Scan- 

 dinavians with the Lapps and Finns, propounded the hypothesis that 

 the latter broad-headed brunette types were the relics of a pre- Aryan 

 population of Europe. Their comparative barbarism confirmed him 

 in this view. It seemed to be plain that this Mongoloid or Asiatic 

 variety of man had been repressed to this remote northern region by 

 an immigrant blond, long-headed race from the southwest. Mlsson 

 adopted this view; it was stoutly maintained by Pruner Bey in 

 France, and most leading authorities of the day. Then began the dis- 

 coveries of abundant prehistoric remains all over Europe, particularly 

 in France. These with one accord tended to show that the European 

 aborigines of the stone age were not Mongoloid like the Lapps after 

 all, but the exact opposite. In every detail they resembled rather the 

 dolichocephalic negroes of Africa. The only other races approaching 

 them in long-headedness are either the Eskimos, whom Boyd Dawkins 

 believes to be a relic of this early European people, or else the Austra- 

 lians. Mr. Huxley long ago asserted these savages in turn to be our 

 human progenitors. We need not stop to discuss either of these 

 radical opinions. It is sufficient for us that Broca finally dealt the 

 death blow to the older view in 1868 by the evidence from the caves 

 of Perigord, the very district where our living Cro-Magnon type still 

 survives, as we have already shown. 



This dolichocephalic substratum has been traced all over Europe 

 with much detail in the neolithic or late stone age, by which time 

 the geography and the flora and fauna of the continent had assumed 

 in great measure their present conditions. "We know that the long- 

 headed races, now found living on the northern and southern outskirts 

 of Europe, in Spain, southern Italy, the British Isles, and Scan- 

 dinavia, once occupied territory close up to the foot of the high Alps 

 on every side. Remains of it have not yet been found in the moun- 

 tains themselves, although closely hedging them in on every side. 

 For example, Zampa,* Mcolucci,f and Sergi $ have alike collected 

 evidence to prove that the whole basin of the Po River, now a strongly 

 brachycephalic center, was in the nelithic period populated by this 

 long-headed type. In other words, Italy, from end to end, was once 

 uniform anthropologically. For France, a recent summary of the 

 human remains of the late stone age, based upon nearly seven hun- 

 dred skeletons or skulls, shows an overwhelming preponderance of 

 this long-headed type. 4 * The roundheads were almost entirely absent 

 in the beginning, as in our last article we showed them to have been 



* 1891, pp. 11 seq. ; also 1891, p. 175. f 1888, pp. 2 seq. 

 % 1883, pp. 118 seq. * Salmon, 1895. 



