THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 311 



in the British Isles during the same epoch. France was apparently 

 very unevenly populated. In all the uplands, especially the central 

 plateau of Auvergne and in the Alps, human remains are less 

 abundant, although when occurring being of the same decidedly 

 long-headed type this, be it remembered, in those sterile uplands 

 where to-day, as we have shown, one of the roundest-headed popula- 

 tions in the world resides. Less easy to summarize is the evidence 

 from Germany, but the scattered investigations all point the same 

 way.* As for Spain, northern Africa, and Scandinavia, f the earliest 

 types seem to have always been identical in head form with the ones 

 there living to-day, decidedly dolichocephalic. Nor is there in 

 Russia any contradiction of this law, as Bogdanov has shown. 



Assuming it as proved, therefore, that the head form of the first 

 population of Europe was of this quite uniform type, what do we 

 know of its other physical characteristics? This concerns the second 

 half of our primary proposition. That is to say, may we decide to 

 which branch of the living long-headed race it belonged; that of 

 the tall, blond Teuton or of the shorter-statured, dark-complexioned 

 Mediterranean type ? It is a matter of no small moment to settle this 

 if possible. Unfortunately, we can prove nothing directly concern- 

 ing the complexion, for of course all traces of hair have long since 

 disappeared from the graves of this early period. Presumptively, 

 the type was rather brunette than blond, for in the dark color of 

 hair and eye it would approach the foundation tints of all the rest of 

 the human race. The light hair and blue eye of northern Europe 

 are nowhere found in any appreciable proportion elsewhere, save per- 

 haps among the Ainos in Japan, an insignificant people, too few in 

 numbers and too remote to affect the generalization. If, therefore, 

 as all consistent students of natural history hold to-day, the human 

 races have evolved in the past from some common root type, this 

 predominant dark color must be regarded as the more primitive. It 

 is not permissible for an instant to suppose that ninety-nine per cent 

 of the human species has varied from a blond ancestry, while the 

 flaxen-haired Teutonic type alone has remained true to its primitive 

 characteristics. 



"We are strengthened in this assumption that the earliest Euro- 

 peans were not only long-headed, but also dark-complexioned, by 

 various points in our inquiry thus far. We have proved the pre- 

 historic antiquity of the living Cro-Magnon type in southwestern 

 France, and we saw that among these peasants the prevalence of 

 black hair and eyes is very striking. And again in our last article, 



* Ecker, 1865, p. 79, said mixed; but von Holder, 1876, p. 20, found purer; Virchow, 

 1872, p. 191. f Jacques, 1888, p. 221 ; Arbo, 1887, etc. 



