THE EVOLUTION OF THE MIND. 441 



and stormy sea, and is never too late or too early in his arrival. In 

 like manner the female fur seal goes two hundred miles to her feed- 

 ing grounds in summer, leaving the pup on the shore. After a 

 week or two she returns to find him within a few rods of the rocks 

 where she had left him. Both mother and young know each other 

 by call and by odor, and neither are ever mistaken though ten thou- 

 sand other pups and other mothers occupy the same rookery. But 

 this is not intelligence. It is simply instinct, because it has no ele- 

 ment of choice in it. Whatever its ancestors were forced to do, the 

 fur seal does to perfection. Its instincts are perfect as clockwork, 

 and the necessities of migration must keep them so. But if brought 

 into new conditions it is dazed and stupid. It has no choice among 

 different lines of action. 



The Bering Sea Commission once made an experiment on the 

 possibility of separating the young male fur seals from the old ones 

 in the same band. The method was to drive them through a 

 wooden chute or runway with two valvelike doors at the end. These 

 animals can be driven like sheep, but to sort them in this way is 

 impossible. The most experienced males will beat their noses 

 against a closed door, if they have seen one before them pass through 

 it. That thi3 door had been shut, and another beside it opened, passes 

 their comprehension. They can not choose the new direction. In 

 like manner a male fur seal will watch the killing and skinning of 

 his mates with perfect composure. He will sniff at their blood with 

 languid curiosity. " So long as it is not his own it does not matter." 

 That it may be his own in a minute or two it is beyond his power to 

 foresee. 



The study of the development of mind in animals and men gives 

 no support to the mediaeval idea of the mind as an entity apart from 

 the organ through which it operates. 



The " Clavier theory " of the mind, that the ego resides in the 

 brain, playing upon the cells as a musician upon the chords of a 

 piano, finds no warrant in fact. There is no ego except that which 

 arises from the co-ordination of the nerve cells. All consciousness is 

 " colonial consciousness," the product of co-operation. It stands 

 related to the action of individual cells much as the content of 

 a poem with the words or letters composing it. Its existence is a 

 phenomenon of co-operation. The I in man is the expression of the 

 co-working of the processes and impulses of the brain. The brain is 

 made of individual cells, just as England is made of individual men. 

 To say that England wills a certain deed, or owns a certain territory, 

 or thinks a certain thought, is no more a figure of speech than to say 

 that " I will," " I own," or " I think." The " England " is the ex- 

 pression of union of the individual wills, thoughts, and ownerships of 



VOL. LII. 33 



