THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 593 



the same fact in his brilliant work on Municipal Government in 

 Europe. This is particularly true of great German urban cen- 

 ters.* Berlin has outgrown our own metropolis, New York, in 

 less than a generation, having in twenty-five years added as many 

 actual new residents as Chicago, and twice as many as Philadel- 

 phia. Hamburg has gained twice as many in population since 1875 

 as Boston; Leipsic has distanced St. Louis. The same demographic 

 outburst has occurred in the smaller German cities as well. Cologne 

 has gained the lead over Cleveland, Buffalo, and Pittsburg, al- 

 though in 1880 it was the smallest of the four. Magdeburg has 

 grown faster than Providence in the last ten years. Diisseldorf 

 has likewise outgrown St. Paul. Beyond the confines of the Ger- 

 man Empire, from Norway to Italy, the same is true. Stockholm 

 has doubled its population; Copenhagen has increased two and one 

 half times; Christiania has trebled its numbers in a generation. 

 Rome has increased from 184,000 in 1860 to 450,000 in 1894. 

 Vienna, including its suburbs, has grown three times over within 

 the same period. Paris from 1881 to 1891 absorbed four fifths of 

 the total increase of population for all of Erance within the same 

 period. 



Contemporaneously with this marvelous growth of urban cen- 

 ters, we observe a progressive depopulation of the rural districts. 

 What is going on in our New England States, especially in Massa- 

 chusetts, is entirely characteristic of large areas in Europe. Take 

 Erance, for example. Most of us are aware of the distressing demo- 

 graphic condition of affairs in that country. One of the finest 

 populations in Europe is almost at a standstill numerically; nay, 

 some years show an actual decrease of population. This is not due 

 to emigration abroad, for the Erench are notably backward in this 

 respect. Nor can it be ascribed to a heavy mortality. The death 

 rate has appreciably fallen during this century, in conformity with 

 the great advances made in hygiene and sanitation. The marriage 

 rate is lower than usual. Yet for some reason children do not 

 come to cheer the land. The practical result is that Germany, the 

 great political rival, seems destined to control the European military 

 situation in future, f Such is the condition, viewing the country as a 

 whole. Studying it in detail, the evil is still more magnified; for, 

 with a stationary population for the entire country, the cities con- 

 tinue to grow, draining the life blood of the rural districts year by 

 year, with ever-increasing vigor. The towns are absorbing even 



* N. Bruckner. Die Entwickelung der grossstadtischen Bevolkerung im Gebiete des 

 deutschen Reichs. Allgemeines statistisches Archiv, Tubingen, i, 1890, pp. 135-184. 



f We have analyzed certain of these details in French demography in Publications of 

 the American Statistical Association, iii, 1892, pp. 248 et seq. 

 vol. lii. 43 



