THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 597 



to swell the other middle classes; or else, entirely worsted in the 

 struggle, land in a generation or two in the lowest ranks of all. 

 Thus a continual tide of migration becomes necessary to insure 

 stability in numbers in the entire population. This ingenious 

 scheme, too simple of course to be entirely correct, as Giddings has 

 suggestively pointed out,* does nevertheless contain a germ of 

 truth. Our problem is to test its applicability to modern condi- 

 tions by a study of purely anthropological facts. 



The first physical characteristic of urban populations, as com- 

 pared with those of country districts, which we have to note, is their 

 tendency toward that elongated shape of head which is character- 

 istic of two of our principal racial types, the Teutonic and the 

 Mediterranean respectively. 



It seems as if for some reason the broad-headed Alpine race was 

 distinctly a rural type. This we might have expected from the per- 

 sistency with which it clings, as we have seen, all over Europe, to 

 the mountainous or otherwise isolated areas. Thirty years ago an 

 observer in the ethnically Alpine district of south central France 

 noted an appreciable difference between town and country in the 

 head form of the people, f In a half dozen of the smaller cities his 

 observations pointed to a greater prevalence of the long-headed type 

 than in the country round about. In the same year, in the 

 city of Modena in Italy, investigations of the town and country 

 populations, instituted for entirely different purposes, brought the 

 same peculiarity to light. % These facts escaped notice, however, 

 for about a quarter of a century. In entire ignorance of them, in 

 1889, a gifted young professor in the university at Montpellier in 

 southern France, having for some years been occupied in outlining 

 various theories of social selection, stumbled upon a surprising natu- 

 ral phenomenon.* On examination of a considerable series of skulls, 

 dating from various periods in the last two hundred years, which 

 had been preserved in crypts at Montpellier, he found that the upper 

 classes, as compared with the plebeian population, contained a much 

 larger percentage of long-headed crania. These crania of the aris- 

 tocracy, in other words, seemed to conform much more nearly to 

 the head form of the Teutonic race than those of the common 

 people. Additional interest was awakened in the following year 

 by the researches of Dr. Ammon, of Carlsruhe, who, working again 

 in entire independence upon measurements of thousands of con- 

 scripts of the Grand Duchy of Baden, discovered radical differences 



* Principles of Sociology, pp. 342 et seg. 

 f Durand de Gros, 1868 a, p. 228, 1868 b, and 1869. 



% Calori, 1868; Lombroso, 1878, p. 123; Riccardi, 1883; and Livi, 1886, p. 274, have 

 since confirmed it. * Lapouge, 1889 b. 



