THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 605 



Quite independently Dr. Beddoe discovered the same fact in the 

 Rhine cities, basing his conclusions, however, entirely upon adults.* 

 Here again, as in the case of the head form, we must reckon with 

 the fact that city populations are always, by reason of intermixture, 

 a mean, intermediate between the extremes presented by the 

 country at large. So in northern blond Hanover the cities should 

 contain more dark traits than the country; in Bavaria, on the con- 

 trary, we should expect them, for this same reason, to be somewhat 

 more blond. Nevertheless, this would not account for the dark 

 hair in certain Prussian cities, which contain more than twice as 

 many dark as there are light traits; and in Bavaria, as we have seen, 

 the actual condition is exactly the reverse of what might have been 

 statistically expected. 



Austria offers confirmation of the same tendency toward bru- 

 netteness in twenty-four out of its thirty-three principal cities, f 

 Farther south, in Italy, it was noted much earlier that cities con- 

 tained fewer blondes than were common in the rural districts round- 

 about.:): The rule has been corroborated for the greater part of 

 the country, since Livi * finds that even in the thirty-two darkest 

 provinces, where towns tending toward the mean for the country 

 should contain more blondes than the suburban districts, twenty-one 

 of the capital cities show the reverse relation, while only nine 

 conform to statistical probability. For Switzerland alone the evi- 

 dence is conflicting. 1 1 Applying the rule to the cities of the British 

 Isles, Dr. Beddoe finds it to hold good especially in the color of the 

 hair. A So uniform is the testimony in this direction that those 

 who, like Ammon and Lapouge, % have ascribed the long-headed- 

 ness of city populations to a predominance of the Teutonic racial 

 type, now acknowledge this tendency toward brunetteness in spite, 

 in this case, of ethnic probabilities to the contrary. The relative 

 frequency, in fact, of long-headedness and coincidently of brunette 

 characteristics induced Lapouge to designate this combination the 

 " foreordained urban type." % In conclusion, let us add, not as 

 additional testimony, for the data are too defective, that among five 

 hundred American students at the Institute of Technology in Bos- 



* 1885, p. 211. 



f Schimmer, 1884, p. xiii. For Tyrol, see comparative table in Toldt, 1894, and Vir- 

 chow, 1886 b, p. 3*79. 



% Raseri, 1879, p. 118. * 1896 a, pp. 70 et seq. 



I Studer, 1880, p. 59, says it holds good in Berne. Kollmann, 1883, p. 17, and Chalu- 

 meau, 1896 a, p. 8, affirm the cities to be more blond. 



A 1893, p. 114. See also tables in 1885, p. 160. 



Q 1896 d, p. 796. Ammon, 1893, p. 99, found dark hair more frequent in cities in 

 Baden, but in eyes more variation. 



$ 1897, p. 85. $ Collignon, 1895, p. 123, apparently acquiesces in this view. 



