754 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



and versatile intelligence, but he has lowered it in the search after 

 cash and easv success. This handsome old man, with the face and 

 smile of a satyr, is a familiar figure on the streets of Florence. 



The number of men who are strict anthropologists without be- 

 ing sociologists is extraordinarily great in contemporary Italy, and 

 there is none of them who has not done good and original work. 

 Limits of space oblige us perforce to pass them by, in order to speak 

 of yet others of the new school created by Lombroso's theories, and 

 who take rank in the files of criminal anthropology, a science far 

 more interesting to the general reader than that which deals, with 

 biology pure and simple. To this section in the first rank belong 

 the alienists, besides a large number of lawyers, judges, and 

 journalists. The highest position among them belongs indubi- 

 tably to Enrico Ferri. His verdict, like that of Cesare Lombroso, is 

 constantly appealed to in complicated criminal cases where the sanity 

 or the natural proclivity to crime of the person is in question. A 

 man of really unusual physical beauty is Enrico Ferri, as well as of 

 charm of manner and of eloquence which, when stirred to a theme 

 dear to his heart, carries all before it. Enrico Ferri was born in 

 1856, in the neighborhood of Mantua, a city whose very name in 

 Austrian days was synonymous with cruel despotism, for this and 

 Spielburg were the favorite fortresses of the German persecutors. 

 At a tender age he lost his father, and his mother, left in strait- 

 ened circumstances, had a hard struggle to give her only child an 

 adequate education. Already at the university Ferri distinguished 

 himself, publishing a thesis which dealt with criminal law. When 

 Lombroso published his great work on Criminal Man, Ferri was at 

 once attracted by its scientific nature and sought to become ac- 

 quainted with its author. Since then they have been fast friends as 

 well as co-workers. In 1881 he was called to fill the chair of penal 

 law at the University of Bologna. His opening discourse dealt with 

 the theme which was to prove the first draft of his great work, 

 Criminal Sociology, a work which has been translated into many 

 European tongues. The lecture was entitled New Horizons in 

 Penal Law. He says : " It was in this inaugural discourse that I 

 affirmed the existence of the positivist school of criminal law, and 

 assigned to it these two fundamental rules: 1. While the classi- 

 cal schools of criminal law have always studied the crime and 

 neglected the criminal, the object of the positivist school was, in 

 the first place, to study the criminal, so that, instead of the crime 

 being regarded merely as a juridical fact, it must be studied with the 

 aid of biology, of psychology, and of criminal statistics as a natural 

 and social fact, transforming the old criminal law into a criminal 

 sociology. 2. While the classical schools, since Beccaria and 



