Environment and Efficiency 



Employments of Fathers in Percentages ; Unions of Lambeth, 

 Paddington, St. George's, Bradford, Derby, Liverpool, Merthyr- 

 Tydfil, Newcastle, Rochdale, West Derby, York, Mitford and 

 Laun ditch, and Warwick. 



Employments of Out- Relief Sons (over 14) in Percentages. 



Commercial 



Skilled 



Unskilled . 



Other Employments . 



23 

 14 



45 

 18 



Nature of Employment of Out-Relief Sons. 



tf In the Unions of Bradford and Paddington, all the sons 

 of out-relief families are in unskilled employments. 



" Leaving out Rochdale, the greatest proportion of sons of 

 out-relief families in skilled employments is at York, where 

 there are 21 per cent. Taken as a whole, 29 per cent, of the 

 fathers of out-relief families are skilled artisans, while only 

 14 per cent, of their sons are following or preparing to follow 

 skilled employments. Doubtless this is partly due to the fact 

 that, when a lad becomes a skilled workman, his wage, so long 

 as he remains at home, will put the family income above the 

 maximum for out-relief. This is borne out by the fact that 

 in Bradford and Paddington, two of the strictly administered 

 Unions, there are no sons in skilled emplo3'ments. 



" At the same time, in the course of my visits to the out- 

 relief homes, I was struck by the number of ill-nourished, 



