82 Environment and Efficiency 



Occupation of Father. Occupation of Son. 



1 6. Bricklayer . . . Iron Worker. 



17. Bricklayer* . . . Army. 



1 8. Engineer* . . . Labourer (mental defect). 



19. Labourer .... Soldier. 



20. Labourer .... Telephone Co. employee. 



21. Butcher* .... Army. 



22. Bricklayer* . . . Labourer. 



23. Soldier .... Farmer. 



With regard to this list, I believe if a calculation were to 

 be made as to skilled trades, it would work out at about twelve 

 fathers and ten sons. It would be unsafe, however, to base 

 any conclusions on such an estimate for a variety of reasons. 

 Three of the sons, for instance, are engaged in particularly 

 good commercial occupations. 



Again it will be noticed that I have marked with an asterisk 

 cases where the fathers are engaged in skilled trades and the 

 sons in unskilled. These fathers are, without exception, men 

 of unsatisfactory character. 



And, even if I had attempted to take as my standard of 

 efficiency the skilled worker which I have not it is obvious 

 that, regarded from most points of view, the respectable un- 

 skilled worker is of more value to the community than the 

 disreputable skilled one. The same conclusions may, of course, 

 be drawn with regard to the out -relief fathers and sons, but it 

 is not so probable that in these families the father, when alive, 

 was unsatisfactory, whereas in a large proportion of these 

 institution cases the father is still living, but is not regarded 

 as a fit guardian for the child. 



The inference that I would draw from a comparison of this 

 kind is, that the out-relief son starts his industrial life often on 

 a lower plane than his father did, whilst the position of the 

 institution child, in the majority of cases, is very distinctly 

 higher than that of his parents. 



The following table of Birmingham Boys' occupations is 

 taken from the Report on Boy Labour by Mr. Cyril Jackson. 



