206 JAMES MADISON 



was conducted mainly between Madison and Henry, 

 the former being chiefly assisted by Randolph, Wythe, 

 Marshall, Pendleton, and young Henry Lee; the latter 

 by Mason, Monroe, Harrison, and Tyler. To Madi- 

 son, more than to any one else, it was due that the 

 Constitution was at length ratified, while the narrow- 

 ness of the majority eighty-nine to seventy-nine 

 bore witness to the severity of the contest. It did not 

 appear that the people of Virginia were even yet con- 

 vinced by the arguments that had prevailed in the con- 

 vention. The assembly that met in the following 

 October showed a heavy majority of Anti-federalists, and 

 under Henry's leadership it called upon Congress for a 

 second national convention, to reconsider the work 

 done by the first. Senators were now to be chosen 

 for the first United States Senate, and Henry, in 

 naming Richard Henry Lee and William Grayson, 

 both Anti-federalists, as the two men who ought to be 

 chosen, took pains to mention James Madison as the 

 one man who on no account whatever ought to be 

 elected senator. Henry was successful in carrying 

 this point. The next thing was to keep Madison out 

 of Congress, and Henry's friends sought to accom- 

 plish this by means of the device afterward known as 

 " gerrymandering " ; but the attempt failed, and Madi- 

 son was elected to the first national House of Repre- 

 sentatives. His great knowledge, and the part he had 

 played in building up the framework of the govern- 

 ment, made him from the outset the leading member 

 of the House. His first motion was one for raising 

 a revenue by tariff and tonnage duties. He offered 

 the resolutions for creating the executive departments 

 of foreign affairs, of the treasury, and of war. He 



