'34 



BEGINNERS' ZOOLOGY 



A slit called the glottis opens from the throat into the 

 lungs (Fig. 255). Is the gullet long or short? Broad 

 or narrow ? Is the stomach short or elongated ? Is the 

 division distinct between stomach and gullet, and 

 stomach and intestine? Is the liver large or small? Is 

 it simple or lobed ? The pancreas lies between the 

 stomach and the first bend of the intestines (Fig. 255). 

 What is its shape ? A bile duct connects the liver with 



the small intestine (Dc, Fig. 

 255). It passes through the 

 pancreas, from which it re- 

 ceives several pancreatic 

 ducts. After many turns, the 

 small intestine joins the large 

 intestine. The last part of 

 the large intestine is called 

 the rectum (Latin, straight). 

 The last part of the rectum is 

 called the cloaca (Latin, a 

 drain), and into it the ducts 



from the kidneys and the re- 

 productive glands also open. 

 The kidneys are large, elon- 

 gated, and flat. They lie un- 

 der the dorsal wall. The urinary bladder is also large. Does 

 the salamander have a similar digestive system? (Fig. 256 ) 

 Why are the liver and the lungs (Fig. 256) longer in a 

 salamander than in a frog? 



Respiration. — How many lungs? Are they simple 

 or lobed ? (Fig. 256.) A lung cut open is seen to be 

 baglike, with numerous ridges on its inner surface. 

 This increases the surface with which the air may come 

 in contact. In the walls of the lungs are numerous 



Fig. 256. — Anatomy of Sala- 

 mander. 



j a, heart; 2, lungs; 3 a, stomach; 3b, in- 

 testine; jf, large intestine; 4, liver; 

 S, egg masses; 10, bladder; //, vent. 



