198 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



April 



tu8, which unites with and noutralizes the acid, 

 and makes the dough sweet again. 



In the second kind of bread, named above, the 

 carbonate acid to raise it is obtained from the car- 

 bonate of soda, or of potassa, (saleratus) — by 

 mixing with it in the flour some acid, as sour 

 milk, ei-eam of tartar, or cider or vinegar or hy- 

 drochloric acid — either of which, by its stronger 

 affinity for the alkaline base — the soda or potassa 

 — unites with it and liberates the carbonic acid. 

 We see that by this mode of raising the bread, the 

 sugar of the wheat is retained in it ; whereas by 

 the other process it is converted into alchohol and 

 carbonic acid. We see also that the use of soda 

 or Siileratus is very diffei'ent in the two kinds of 

 bread-making. In the first, the alkaline base is 

 required to neutralize the acetic acid, — in the 

 second, the carljonic acid is needed to raise the 

 bread. In each case a neutral substance is left in 

 the bread ; in tfie first, an acetate of soda-^in the 

 second, a base of soda or potassa, united with 

 whatever acid is used. 



Bread when baked is neither starch nor gluten. 

 The globules of starch which remain unbroken in 

 the flour, swell and burst under the influence of 

 the moisture and heat, and with the gluten unite 

 chemically with the water of the dough and form 

 bread. No separation of the starch and gluten 

 can be effected after baking. Even a portion of 

 water chemically united with the bread can not 

 be separated from it by evaporation. The hardest 

 and driest bread has water combined with the 

 flour. 



Gluten is the most nutritious part of the flour. 

 The bran, therefore, should not be excluded from 

 the bread, if we have regard to its highest nutri- 

 tive qualities. 



The crust of bread, when moistened and re- 

 turned to the oven, becomes smooth and shining 

 A portion of the starch, in the process of baking 

 is converted into gum. This gum on being moist- 

 ened spreads over the surface of the bread produc 

 ing the smooth surface, and also giving the crust 

 a taste which the 1)read does not have. Corn bread 

 has a peculiar aromatic flavor, owing to an oil 

 which is disseminated through the meal. The 

 inferiority of meal long ground, to that which is 

 fresh, is due to the change which exposure to the 

 air has made in these oily particles. — Portland 

 Eclectic. 



South Down Sheep. — Can you or some of your 

 numerous subscribers inform me through the pages 

 of the Culthuitor, where I can get the full blooded 

 South Down Sheep, and what they will cost a 

 pairl — S. D. Jefferson Co., Ind. 



South Down Sheep can be procured of L. G 

 Morris, Fordham, Westchester county, N. Y. ; 

 Col. J. M. Sherwood, Auburn N. Y.; Z. B 

 Wakeman, Little Falls, N. Y.; and several other 

 breeders in this State. The prices vary from $20 

 to $100 or more per pair, according to quality. 

 Country Gent. _ 



Connecticut State Agricultural Socukty. — 

 Officers for 1854. 



Samuel T. Huntington, Hartford, President. 



John A. Porter, New Haven, Recording Secre- 

 tary and Treasurer. 



ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT. 



O" A limited number of advertisements of an appropriate 

 character will be inserted in tlie monthly Farmer at the follow- 

 ing 



RATES. 



For one square 15 lines, one insertion $1,00 



For each subscfjuent insertion 50 



[CT The above rates will be charged for all advertisements, 

 whether longer or shorter. 



Walnut Grove Nursery. 



NEWTON CENTRE, MASS. 



The subscribers have on hand as usual a large 

 stock of Fruit and other Trees, which they are pre- 

 pared to sell at very reasonable rates. Among 

 others, Apple, Pear, Cherry, Plum, Peach, Grape 

 A'ines, Raspberries, Blackberries, kc. &c. 

 Also, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Ptoses, Herbace- 

 ous Roots, Creepers, &c. &c. 



A siilendid lot of Sugar Maple, 8 to 10 feet high, $30 per hun- 

 dred. 

 6000 Apple stocks, $10 per thousand. 

 5000 Buckthorn, 2 to 3 years, $15 to $20 per thousand. 

 Large and fine Norway Spruce; Arbor Vitse for hedges and 

 standards. 



Fine lot Red Dutch Currants, $6 per thousand. 

 Scions will be furnished, if ordered early. 



Other things too numerous to mention. All orders will be prompt- 

 ly attended to, and the trees securely packed, when desired, for 

 whicli an extra charge will be made. Catalogues sent to post-paid 

 applicants. All packages delivered in Boston free of expense. 

 JAMES HYDE & SON. 

 Newton Centre, March 18, 1854. w*tf 



- R. M. COPELAND, 

 Landscape and Ornamental Gardener, 



TTT'ILL furnish plans of Cemeteries, Public Squares, Pleasure 

 VV Grounds, Gardens and Farms, with directions for their lay- 

 ing out and improvement, also for the construction of every 

 species of buildings connected with Ilorticultuie or Agriculture, 

 Barns, Green-IIouses, Conservatories, Rustic Arbors, &c. , 

 whether for use or ornament. 



He will furnisli lists of the most approved and desirable orna- 

 mental and useful Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers ; also, plans 

 and estimates for every species of underdraining, and wdl con- 

 tact for and superintend the removal of trees of every size un- 

 der fifty feet, at all seasons of the year. 



Refers to — Hon. M. P. Wilder, Dorchester. 

 " S. H. Walley, lloxbury. 

 " Samuel Walker, Roxbury. 

 " J. W. Edmands, Newton Centre. 

 Prof. II. W. Longfellow, Cambridge. 

 J. W. Proctor, Danvers. 

 Simon B.sown, Ed. of N. E. Farmer. 

 R. M. C. may be addressed Box 320 Boston Post Office, and 

 No. 3 Dudley Block, Roxbury. 



March 25, 185i. cow5t*2 



To Farmers. 



THE subscriber is now prepared to receive orders for the Im- 

 proved Poudrette. It has been manufactured under the ad- 

 vice of some of the best agricultural chemists in the Country, 

 and is now commended to the public as the most certain and cheap 

 Fertilizer that can be obtained, acting favorably on. all crops, 

 and on all soils. Six different articles are used in its composition, 

 wliich combined make it a perfect manure for every crop raise<l 

 in New England. It is finely adapted to corn, and the present 

 and prospective high prices of this indispensable crop, ought to 

 induce all farmers to increase the quantity planted, which they 

 can do profitably by using the Improved Poudrette. 



Prof. Mapessays of it, "no farmer using itonce, will be willing 

 ever to dispense with it." I raised corn with it the ])ast season 

 at a cost of ;Ie8S than 40 cts. ^ bushel. Price in Providence $1,50 

 ^ bbl., cash. It can be obtained of Messrs. PARKER & WHITE, 

 59 & 63 Black stone Street, Boston. 



T. B. HALLIDAY, 

 18 West Water Street, Providence, E. I. 

 Feb. 25, 1854. 3mo* 



Fruit and Ornamental Trees. 



The ])roprietor3 offer for sale an extensive assort- 

 ment of fruit and ornamental trees, comprising all 

 the choice standard varieties, for the Garden or 

 Orchard; also Currants, Gooseberries, Grape Vines 

 &c. 1000 Bucktliurn and Arbor A'itio for Hedgee. 

 S. & G. IIYDB. 

 NcwHn Corner, March 18, 1854. w*tf 



