VOL. XXI. NO. 40. 



AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 



317 



ENTERING FARMS FOR PREMIUM. 



We have received a communication from a far- 

 er in the nortli-wesiern [lart of Essex county, 

 hose object seems to be ti> enter liis farm for 

 ■emiuni, either witli the state or county agricultu- 



1 society. Ifsuchishis wish, we must direct 

 im to send a letter to Hon. Daniel P. King, of 

 •anvers. Secretary of the Esse.\ Agricultural So- 

 ety, if he would be a competitor in his county, 

 l^'hat the Trustees of tlie State Society intend to 

 3 with their funds this year, they have not yet 

 ade public, so far as we know. It has been said 

 at they may think it advisable to try some new 

 cthod for encciui aging agriculture. But what- 

 per shall be their course, we presume that Benj. 

 uild, Esq., of Boston, the Secretary of that Soci- 

 ty, is the person to be applied to by all who wish 



put in claims for their premiums. 



Our correspondent's account of his own doings 

 poD his farm, show that he has made much ini- 

 rovement, and we hope he will draw the attention 

 fsome committee to his operations. 



If we have misunderstood his design in writing 

 ) us, we hope that he will write again, and we 

 publish his letter, if such be his desire. — Ed. 

 r. E. F. 



UBSCRIPTION TO MR COLMAN'S CON- 

 TEMPLATED NOTES UPON EUROPEAN 

 AGRICULTURE. 



In conversation with Mr Colman, (who started 

 or Europe on Monday,) we learned that 2000 cop- 

 es of his proposed work have been subscribed for, 

 md we obtained from him the subjoined statements : 

 "Mr Colman has the honor of acknowledging 

 I le most liberal encouragement to his project on 

 I |e part of the agricultural public. Several Soci- 

 I es have subscribed for the work with the view of 

 j istributing the volumes as premiums, as follows : 

 I Copies 



jlew York State Agricultural Society, 100 



lassashusetts Agricultural Society, 

 Vorcester Agricultural Society, 

 'hiladelphia Agricultural Society, 

 imerican Institute, 

 Issex Agricultural Society, 

 lassachusetts Horticultural Society, 

 lonroe (N. Y.) Agricultural Society, 

 iivingston Co. (N. Y.) Agricultural Society, 

 Jerkshire Co. Agricultural Society, 



And several other Societies have engaged their 

 ubscriptions, but have not yet determined on the 

 umber which they will take. 



Mr Colman gratefully acknowledges the most 

 fenerous support on the part of personal friends 

 nd public-spirited individuals, in different parts of 

 he country, and the promise of many more sub- 

 criptions. 

 Two gentlemen having subscribed for 100 copies 



each ; 

 )ne •' 50 " 



Twelve " 2.5 " 



i'\x ' « JO " 



''orty " 5 " 



\nd a large number for two or three copies each, 

 resides single subscriptions. 



The names of the subscribers will be affixed to 

 :he work ; and this emphatical and spontaneous 

 approbation of the enterprise on the part of gen- 

 tlemen of the highest character in the country, is 

 more gratifying than even the liberality of their 

 aubscriptioBS." 



MODES OF DISCOVERING THK AGE OF 

 DIFFERENT ANIMALS. 



The Horse. — The age of a horse may he ascer- 

 tained by his mouth, and the examination of his 

 teeth, till he is eight years old, after which the 

 usual marks commonly wear out. These are usn- 

 ally forty in all ; of which twcnfj four are double 

 teeth, (and from their otlicc, denominated grinders,) 

 four tushes, or corner teeth, and twelve fore-teeth 



The first which appear are the foal-teeth, which- 

 generally begin to show themselves a uwtnh or 

 two after foaling ; they are twelve in number, six 

 above and six below, and are easily distinguished 

 from the teeth that come afterwards, by their small 

 ness and whiteness, having some resemblance to 

 the incisorcs, or fore-teeth of man. 



When the colt is about two years and a half 

 old, he commonly sheds the fnur uiiddlemost ol his 

 foal-teeth, two above and two below; but some- 

 times none are cast till near three years old. The 

 new teeth are readily distinguished from the foal - 

 teeth, being much stronger, and always twice their 

 size, and are called the nippers or gatherers, be- 

 ing those by which horses nip off the grass when 

 they are feeding in the pastures, and by which, in 

 the house, they gather their hay from the rack. 

 When horses have got these four teeth complete, 

 they are reckoned to be three years old. 



When they are about three and a half, or in the 

 spring before they are four years old, they cast 

 four more of their foal-teeth, two in the upper and 

 two in the lower jaw, one on each side of the nip- 

 pers or middle teeth ; so that when you look into 

 a horse's mouth, and see the two middle teelh full 

 grown, and none of the foal-teeth, except the com- 

 mon teeth, remaining, you may conclude he is 

 four that year, about April or May. Some, indeed, 

 are later colts, but that makes little alteration in 

 the mouth. 



The tushes appear near the same time with the 

 four last mentioned teeth, sometimes sooner than 

 these, and sometimes not till after a horse is full 

 four years old ; they are curved like the tushes of 

 other animals, only in a young horse they have a 

 sharp edge all round the top and on both sides, 

 the inner part being somewhat grooved and flat- 

 tened, so as to incline to a hollow. 



When a horse's tushes do not appear for some 

 time after the foal-teeth are cast, and the new ones 

 come in their room, it is generally owing to the 

 foal teeth having been pulled out before their time, 

 by the breeders or dealers in horses, to make a colt 

 of three years old appear like one of four, that he 

 may be the more saleable ; for when any one of 

 the foal-teeth have been pulled out, the others 

 soon come in their places ; but the tushes having 

 none that precede them, can never make their ap- 

 pearance till their proper time, which is, when a 

 horse is full four or coming four; and therefore 

 one of the surest marks to know a four-year old 

 horse is by his tushes, which are then very small, 

 and sharp on the tops and edges. 



At the time when a horse comes five or rather 

 in the spring before he is five, the corner teeth 

 begin to appear, and at first but just equal with the 

 gums, being filled with flesh in the middle. The 

 tushes are also by this time grown to a more dis- 

 tinct size, though not very large: they likewise 

 continue rough and sharp on the top and edges. 

 But the corner teeth are now most to be remarked ; 

 they differ from the middle teeth in being more 

 fleshy on the inside, and the gums generally look 

 rawiah upon their shooting out, whereas the others 



do not appear discolored. The middle teelh arrive 

 at their full growth in less than three weokn, hut 

 the corner teeth grow leisurely, and are seldom 

 much abiive the gums till a horse is full five. 

 FVom five to five and a half, they will grow about 

 a quarter of an inch high, or more; and when a 

 horse is full six, they will be near half an inch, and 

 in some large horses a full half-inch above the 

 gums. 



When a horse is full six years old, the hollow- 

 ness on the inside begins visibly to fill up, nnil that 

 which was at first fleshy, grows into a brownish spot, 

 not unlike the eye of a dried garden-bean, and con- 

 tinues so till he is seven ; with this difference only, 

 that the teeth are gradually more filled up, and the 

 mards, or spots, become fainter, and of a lighter 

 color. At eight years old, the mark in most horses 

 is quite worn out, though some retain the vestiges 

 of it a longer time : and those who have not had 

 a good deal of experience, may sometimes be de- 

 ceived by taking a horse nf nine or ten years old 

 for one of eight. After the horse has passed his 

 eighth year, and sometimes at seven, nothing cer- 

 tain can be known by the mouth. The eye-pits in 

 a young horse are generally filled up with flesh, 

 whereas in an old horse they are sunk and hollow, 

 and all horses, when very old, sink more or less in 

 their backs. 



•/l/re of A'eai Cattle, — The age of cows, oxen, 

 and bulls, is known by the teeth and horns. At 

 the end of about two years they shed their first 

 fore -teeth, which are replaced by others, large, but 

 not so white ; and before five years, all the inci- 

 sive teeth are renewed. These teeth are at first 

 equal, long, and pretty white ; but as the animals 

 advance in years, they wear down, become unequal 

 and black. These animals likewise shed their 

 horns at the end of three years ; and they are re- 

 placed by others, which, like the second teeth, con- 

 tinue. The manner of the growth of these horns 

 is not uniform, nor the shooting of them equal. 

 The first year, that is the fourth year of the ani- 

 mal's age, two small pointed horns make their ap- 

 pearance, neatly formed, smooth, and towards the 

 head terminated by a kind of button. The follow- 

 ing year this button moves from the head, being 

 impelled by a horny cylinder, which, lengthening 

 in the same manner, is also terminated by another 

 button, and so on ; for the horns continue growing 

 as long as the animal lives. These buttons be- 

 come annular joints or rings, which are easily dis- 

 tinguished in the horn, and by which the age of 

 the creature may be easily known — counting three 

 years for the point of the horn, and one for each 

 of the joints or rings. 



Jlge of Sheep. — The age of these animals is 

 known by their having, in their second year, two 

 broad teeth ; in their third year, four broad teeth ; 

 in their fourth year, six broad teeth; and in their 

 fifth year, eight broad teeth before. After which, 

 none can teli how old a sheep is while their teeth 

 remain, except by their being worn down. The 

 age of the ram, and all horned sheep, may also be 

 known by their horns, which show themselves in 

 their very first year, and often at the birth, and 

 continue to grow a ring annually to the last period 

 of their lives. — Johnson's Encyclop. of ^gricittt. 



Love — There must be some vast and unknown 

 pleasure in a virtuous love, beyond all the madness 

 of a wild and transient amour. — Watts. 



