NEW ENGL.AND FARM£:R. 



PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 JV'ORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.N, EDITOR. 



TOIj. IX. 



BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 23, 1831. 



NO. 32. 



lit J 'tf It vl> .'X ^ Hi i» ^Q ST ® SH "2 a aiimially — equal t:) the full nverafie value of aW 



the cotton e.\p(irtpil. Without an inUnor trade, n 

 city can only be as Heliogoland was when convert- 

 eil into a n 'st for smu^jtlei-s, as the Island of SI 

 TliVmas is, because a ' free port' at which the 

 British Islands are supplied with our flour, &c. 



A ui6rc special a|)pli<'ation of the beuefiis derived 

 from a i)rudent divisinn of labor, may be thus shown : 



Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, 



I'OLlTrcS KOll IWK.MIiUS. 



Continued from pnge 'J4'2. 



Tow as to nio.its, of all sorts. The consunip- 

 and waste, exceed i lb. for each persona day. 



1.MOS3 (piaiility rcq'iircd is then "i^^, 160,000 

 uis, ,.qiud to 11,000,000 barrels of beef or pork, 

 grt-aiest export that we ever made of beef 

 poik was in 180-5, -I-IO.OOO bis. In 1829, | are capable of raising all the bread stufl's which 



110,000; or 22,000,000 of lbs., just an huu- their people nejd, and heretofore had a consider- 

 th iiiirt of til.' domestic consuinption. j able surplus ; but, at an early period, they turned 



tliiis appears, that the vegetable food of the 

 ed States exported, is about a 24th part of 



the home demand requires ; and of meats, 

 a hun.lretli part. It is then the home mar- 

 that should mainly occupy the thoughts of a 

 blican statesman. 



lis gr>'at market is best encouraged or pro- 

 1 by divisions of labor. If all were farmers, 

 leir own bread and moat, there would be ?Jo 

 market ; and flour, for the foreiijn one, would 



11 for more than two dollars a barrel, if for so 

 , delivered at our sea ports. The English 



hardly take it as a gift, because of the duty, 

 i iu times of scarcity, though delivered free 



St for freight! I5ut were all fiirmers, we 



I iiave no cities. How would the account 



then ? NewVork, alone, consuines the 



lent of one third of all our exports of 



Ualtitnore, 150,000 barrels, or three fifths of 



'"i It we sent to the West Indies last year : 



'"" 111- J ' 



tore, and her adjacent factories, also con- 



the equivalent of 80,000 barrels of beef 

 A ; about three fourths of the whole export 

 year. Yet we have heard a senseless Mary- 

 rmer wish that' Baltimore (his market,) was 

 1 the basin !' He might almost as well 

 "isheil that the mills which prepared his 

 veie destroyed. The people of the cities 

 ;on. New York, Philadelpliiaaiid Baltimore, 

 twice as many men as farmers, graziers, 

 ^rs, &c, as Asia, Africa, Europe and Amer- 

 'cept the United States) employ. Here is a 

 -!U of that division of labor just above al- 

 Large cities cannot exist unless the 

 tiiring and mechanic arts prosper in them, 

 [iroduct of industry thus applied, which 

 food and other supplies for them ; and 

 uses that invaluable interior coinmerce, 

 revails in every civilized nation, and must 

 less exist in all populous countries. Two 

 greatest cities in the world. Nankin, iu 

 nd Jeddo, in .lapan, are tluismantained ; a 

 Hint of home trade is transacted at them, 

 (iT«<^ gn being of no account. And at London, 

 test commercial city in the vvoikl, the in- 

 home trade is at least twenty times great- 

 be foreign one. We have in our own 

 two beautiful types of the principles that 

 , in Pittsburgh and Cincinnati. They have 

 rn trade : but lands and houses in them, 

 eir neighborhood, bear a full coinparison 

 value of lands and houses at Baltimore, 

 eighborliood. The manufactures of Phil- 

 (that is those that are supplied with Phil- 

 labor and capital, and which centre in 

 ,)have been estimated at $25,000,000 



I pet* 



their attention much to navigation, and have lately 

 become great manufacturing states. The Taiids 

 in this district are not well fitted fur the cultivation 

 of wheat — but they prefer bread made from it, 

 if able to purchase it. We take of them cotton 

 and other manufactures, oil, &c, and they receive, 

 in excliauge of lis, not less than the equivalent of 



200,000 bushels of' Southern corn,' nearly all of 

 which immediately passed to the manufacturers for 

 consiim ption. 



We might multiply facts like these without num. 

 her — but cannot give the room to state them. 



Such is the connexion between agriculture and 

 mamfnctures. We shall now notice the folly, or 

 falsehood, of those who insist that the laws for the 

 protection of domestic manufactures are ' taxes' 

 on consumers— for these laws have had one invariable 

 tendency to reduce the prices of articles protecied, 

 without at all diminishing the foreign demand for 

 the products of our soil. In 182.3, the year before 

 the 'abomiiiabletariff of 1821, we exported 173,- 

 000,000 lbs. ofc(atonfi «M ||||,' ^ .000 bbls. of flour, 

 together worth 25, 400,'6^Wniars ; and in 1826 

 204 millionsof pounds of cotton and 857,000 bbls. 

 flour, W(jrth together 29,150,000 dollars: the 

 guanlit;/ and the value being both increased, in 



1,500,000 barrels of flour, in bread-stufl>i,'or«ii j defiance of all the auful predictions to the con- 

 much greater value than the whole of our foreign .jttary.f . ■ ' 

 trade in tiiem. This may be called a new busi- Taxes, of some kind, must be paid. A revenue 

 ness, antl is of vast importance to all parties. It duty must be collected ; but, whether a ^roiedine- 

 is epially profitable to the one, wh^ither a yard of duty superadded, i.s, or is not, a tax, depends on 

 cotton cloth be sold for 6 or 7 cents, to go to ! /'ariicviar considerations. For example — the duty 

 Balimore or Lima — or to the i ther, if a barrel of on a square yanl of coarse cotton goods is 84^ 

 floir sells for $5, to proceed to Boston or Kanis- 

 clutka ! But there is this inqiosing advantage — 

 fhf orders and decrees, intrigues, or caprices, of 

 foieign nations, have no effect over our /lome/rarfe. 

 .linmount is beyond calculation — and it knits the 

 people closely together. We have seen Balti- 

 more branded flour in the midst of the mouii- 

 taiis of Vermont. Such is the 'American Sys- 

 teir.' This could not have happened, but because 

 of tie divitio"^ of labor that we have spoken of. 



But it is said, the people would eat as much 

 breai as they now do, were that ' system' destroyed. 

 So i, may be said that we should require as many 

 shoes, were all the shoe-mahers guillotined ! But 

 everjbody knows that it would not be advanta- 

 geoiB fiir the farmer to stop his plough and let his 

 horses remain idle, to make a pair of shoes. If 



the people on the rich lands of New York, Penn- 

 sylvania, Maryland and Virginia, can ' make wheat 



cheaper than those of Massachusetts an I Rhode 



Island and they, of the latter, furnish the other 



with fotton gooils cheaper than they can otherwise 



obtaiii them, common sense will teach both the 



value of mutual exchanges. We believe that the 



sale of one barrel of American flour was never 



lost, because of the loss of the West India trade — 



that the general amount of our trade with the 



West Indies has not been materially efl%cted by 



an opening or closing of the British ports.* But 



if the sale of all the flour which proceeded (di- 

 rect) to those ports when opened, was really lost to 



us, the whole amount is less than the demand for 

 four and corn at the mantfacturing town of Provi- 

 dence, Rhode Island. This will astonish many, 



but it is the truth notwithstanding. Tlie highest 



amount of flour ever exported to the British West 



Indies was about 130.000 barrels in one year. 



In 1826-7, from .Iiily to July, 127,150- barrels of 



flour were received at Providence, with, perhaps. 



*We have exported 100,000 bbls. of flour more to the 

 West Indies, when tho'^e ports were shut, than when 

 they were opened — 1821 compared with 1825. 



cents — but we may buy a square yard of such 

 goods, home-made, for eight cents, or | of a cent 

 less than the duty. It is impossible then, that the 

 duty is a tax. The duty on shot is 4 cents per 

 lb., but we can obt.in any quantity of shot at 6 

 c^'nls per II). — it»he duty is a tax, the shot is 

 worth only one per cent lb., and so on. The duty 

 on wheat is 15 per cent — or '15 cents on every 



dollar of its cost,' as the 'free trade' folks say 



but is any farmer foolish enough to believe that a 

 tax of the United States is collected on the ' wheat 

 that he grows and consumes .' It is a popular cry, 

 that ' duties are taxes :' so was the halloo, ' Great 

 is the Diana of the Ephesians.^ A falsehood, on an 

 idol, placeil in opposition to truth, and tUe eternal 

 principle of truth ! There is a duty of 3 cents 

 per pound on cotton — is cotton advanced in that 

 amount, because of that duty ? Pshaw ! We 

 cannot dwell longer on such subjects — and must 

 proceed. 



Mancfacturks of Iroj(. — This is a leading 

 interest in the United States, and a great supporter 

 of the home market, as every farmer, in the 

 neighborhood of iron works, well knows. The 

 following shows that decreased prices have inva- 

 riably followed increased duties. As to iron manu- 

 factures, no patriot will contend that we should be 

 dependent on any foreign nation for them — they 

 are essential to the independence of our own — and 

 are ivithout substitutes. 



The first encouragement was given to rolling 

 iron by the tariff of 1816, when the duty was 



* Much the largest amount that we ever had exported, 

 in one year. The aveiafe of 1816 to 1822, inclusive, 

 was less than 110 millionsof poundsa year- 



i But in the last year we exported 265 millions of 

 pounds of cotton, valued at $26,575,jno. Has the de- 

 mand and value been reduced by the tariff? It is difficult 

 to resolve what is njeant by the 'oppressions of the south,' 

 and what it has to complain of, because of the progress of 

 manufactures. A duty of nearly 10 millions is levied in 

 England on so much of our tobacco a^ costs about one 

 million. The meekness with whicn the planters of Vir- 

 ginia submit to this, has always excited our curiosity, 



