374 



TELEOSTEI 



Cyprinidae. Often there are spinous serrateu Anterior dermal rays 

 on the median and paired fins ; such spines art, formed by the 

 enlargement and ankylosis of the segments of the Irpidotrichia 

 from the base outwards, unfused segments frequently remaning at 

 the tip. In the pectoral girdle, besides the mesocoracoid arch, mu^ f 

 be noticed the great development of the coracoids, which often meet 

 in a ventral suture (Fig. 365). The Cypriniformes have diverged 

 two chief branches : the Characinidae depart least from the 



in 



primitive type, and lead to the Cyprinidae and eel-like Gymnotidae ; 

 the other branch includes the Siluroidei, among which are some of 

 the most specialised of Teleosts. 



TRIBE A. CHARACINOIDEI. 



This includes the more generalised forms, with parietals distinct and 

 not separated by the supraoccipital, well-developed opercnlar bones, three 



to five branchiostegals, 

 and a symplectic. 

 cept on the first 



Pi ect. 

 pntx 



A. 



-pro 



Ex- 



four 



segments, the anterior 

 parapophyses are usu- 

 ally short, separate from 

 the centrum, and bear- 

 ing pleural ribs. The 

 second and third centra 

 become fused and the 

 parapophyses of the 

 fourth vertebra en- 

 larged, bent downwards, 

 and applied to the air- 

 bladder, which is gener- 

 ally subdivided into an 

 anterior and a posterior 

 chamber (Fig. 199). 

 From the latter comes 

 the pneumatic duct. 

 Epipleurals and epi- 

 neurals are present. 



Family CHARACINI- 

 DAE. The scales are 

 cycloid or with a hinder 



Left jaw-bones of A, Erythrinus unitaeniatus, Spix. ; and ctenoid edge. The max- 

 B, Citharinus Gco/royi, Cuv. (After Sagemehl.) an,, angular ; ilia may be toothed as 

 art, articular; </, dentary ; ect, ectopterygoid ; nit, entoptery- 

 gold; /, foramen; hm, hyomandibular ; mt, metapterygoid ; 

 m.r, maxilla ; pi, palatine ; pmx, premaxilla ; pro, preopercular ; 

 1, quadrate ; s, cartilage ; sy, symplectic. 



-pro. 



FIG. 360. 



may 



,, * ., .,, 



Well as^ the premaxiIJa 



nnd dpntarv thp 



may be powerful and 

 with several cusps (Fig. 360). Sometimes an incomplete interorbital 

 septum is present. The anterior chamber of the air-bladder may be 



