135 



associated with black and post oak. In Knox, Gibson, Pike and War- 

 rick Counties it is local on sand ridges with black oak. It occurs in the 

 greatest abundance in the river bottoms of Gibson, Posey and Spencer 

 Counties, where it is generally associated with pin, Schneck's, shingle, 

 swamp white, black and post oaks, and sweet gum. In the last named 

 counties it is fairly well distributed, and is a frequent to a common 

 tree. Brown's 1 report for Fountain County should not be recognized 

 without a verifying specimen, since his list was compiled from a list 

 of common names of the trees which he obtained. 



Remarks. Wood and uses similar to that of red oak. In Indiana 

 it is all sold as red oak. In all parts of its range in Indiana it is known as 

 red or black oak. However, the best accepted common name of this 

 species throughout its range is Spanish oak, and since no other species 

 is known by this name, it should be used for this species. 



The bark of this species varies considerably in color and tightness. 

 The leaves are exceedingly variable in form. The leaves on the same 

 tree will vary from 3-lobed to 11-lobed. Usually the lobing is deepest 

 in the leaves nearest the top of the tree. Leaves of small trees, coppice 

 shoots, and of the lower branches of some trees are often all or for the 

 greater part 3-lobed. The color of the pubescence of the lower surface 

 the leaves varies from a gray to a yellow-gray. The variations have 

 lead authors to divide this polymorphic species into several species and 

 varieties. The author has included all the forms that occur in Indiana 

 under one name. 



This species is variously known as Quercus digitata, Quercus triloba, 

 Quercus pagodaefolia, and by the most recent authors as Quercus pagoda 

 and Quercus rubra and its varieties. Specimens in the authors collec- 

 tion from Jefferson County were reported by Sargent 2 as Quercus 

 rubra var. triloba. 



17. Quercus marilandica Muenchhausen. BLACK JACK OAK. 

 Plate 56. Mature trees generally 10-30 cm. in diameter; bark resembles 

 that of a gnarled black oak; twigs generally scurvy-pubescent the first 

 year; leaves on petioles from nearly sessile to 2.5 cm. long, usually less 

 than a cm. long, blades 7-15 cm. long, broadly obovate, often almost as 

 wide as long, narrowly rounded at the base, with three primary lobes 

 at the apex, sometimes with two small lateral lobes, the apex is some- 

 times almost rounded and the position where the lobes usually occur 

 is indicated by three primary veins which end in a bristle, the apex 

 of the leaf is generally about equally divided into three lobes by two 

 very shallow rounded sinuses, the lobes are rounded or merely acute, 

 sometimes the terminal lobes develop a secondary lobe, leaves very 



,Brown: Trees of Fountain County, Ind. Geol. Kept. Vol. 11:123:1882 

 2 Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65.427.1! 



