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times called the red mulberry to distinguish it from the following 

 species. 1 



2. MACLURA. THE OSAGE ORANGE. 



Madura pomifera (Rafmesque) Schneider. HEDGE. OSAGE ORANGE. 

 (Toxylon pomiferum Raf.) Plate 65. Trees with brown shreddy 

 bark on old trees; mature twigs greenish gray, zigzag; spines about 

 10-15 mm. long; leaves ovate to oblong lanceolate, average blades 

 7-12 cm. long, wedge-shape, rounded or cordate at the base, 

 long taper-pointed at the apex, margins entire, pubescent on both 

 sides while young, becoming at maturity lustrous and glabrous above, 

 remaining pubescent beneath; fruit globose, about 1 dm. in diameter; 

 wood heavy, very hard and strong, the most durable in contact with the 

 soil of any of our post timbers. 



Distribution. Missouri and Kansas south to Texas. Introduced 

 into Indiana for hedge fences. There is some question as to the ability 

 of this species to escape. I have heard that it frequently sends up root 

 shoots at several feet from hedge fences, and that it frequently seeds 

 itself along old hedge fences. For the past few years I have given the 

 species especial attention and I have never seen it as an escape except 

 in three instances. 



Remarks. This species was formerly much planted for farm 

 fences, but since land has become so valuable, its use has been dis- 

 continued, and the old fences are being dug up. The tree grows a short 

 trunk, and one was noted in Grant County that was at least 6 dm. in 

 diameter that was estimated to be less than fifty years old. This 

 species is subject to the San Jose scale and in some localities it has been 

 killed by it. It has been but little used for forest planting, and the 

 plantations are not yet old enough to measure their success. 



MAGNOLIACEAE. THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY 



Trees or shrubs with alternate and petioled leaves; flowers large, 

 terminal and solitary with numerous stamens and pistils. 



1 Morus alba Linnaeus. White Mulberry. A small crooked tree; leaves ovate, 

 sometimes lobed, blades 6-13 cm. long, cordate at the base, acute at apex, at maturity glab- 

 rous above and glabrous beneath or with some hairs on the veins and in the axils of the veins 

 fruit subglobose or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, white to pinkish. This is an introduced tree and 

 has been reported as an escape in many parts of the State, especially by the older botanists. 

 Moms alba variety tatarica Loudon, the Russian mulberry, has been reported as an escape. 

 The writer has seen single specimens as an escape in woods in Cass and Marshall Counties. 

 It can be distinguished by practically all of the leaves being more or less lobed and the reddish 

 fruit. This form was introduced into the United States in great numbers about fifty years 

 ago by the Mennonites. It was especially recommended by nurserymen for fence posts and 

 it has been planted to some extent in Indiana, but it cannot be recommended. It grows too 

 slowly and is too crooked to compensate for any lasting qualities the wood may have. Moms 

 nigra has been reported from Indiana by Phinney , Brown and McCaslin as a forest tree. Since 

 this is an introduced tree, and is not supposed to be hardy in our area, their reports should be 

 transferred to some other species. 



