24 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Sea and up the Danube; the other across Asia Minor and into the 

 Balkan peninsula, thence joining the first in the main center of Hall- 

 statt civilization, east of the Alps? The point seems by no means 

 established. Relationship does not prove parentage. Far more likely 

 does it appear that the Koban culture is a relic or an offshoot rather 

 than a cradle of bronze civilization. And even Chantre, ardent advo- 

 cate as he is of Oriental derivations, seems to feel the force of this 

 in his later writings, for he confesses that Koban is rather from Medi- 

 terranean European sources than that Europe is from Koban. Most 

 probable of all is it, that both Hallstatt and Koban are alike derived 

 from a common root in the neighborhood of Chaldea. 



III. The Hallstatt (or Celtic?} civilization of bronze and iron 

 roughly overlies the present area occupied by the broad-headed Alpine 

 race; yet this type is not always identified with the Oriental culture. 

 It seems to have appeared in Europe in a far lower stage of civiliza- 

 tion, and to have subsequently made progress culturally upon the spot. 



To trace any definite connection between race and civilization in 

 Europe is rendered extremely hazardous scientifically by reason of 

 the appearance along with bronze of the custom of burning instead of 

 burying the dead, their ashes being disposed in cinerary urns, jars, or 

 other receptacles. By this procedure all possible clew to the physical 

 type of the people is, of course, annihilated at once. It has become 

 almost an axiom among archaeologists that bronze culture and incin- 

 eration are constant companions. Wherever one appears, the other 

 may confidently be looked for. Together they have long been sup- 

 posed to be the special and peculiar attributes of a new broad-headed 

 immigrant race from the East. To prove this conclusively is, of 

 course, absolutely impossible for the above-mentioned reason. Of 

 the two, it seems as if incineration would be a more reliable test of race 

 than a knowledge of bronze ; for burial customs, involving as they do 

 the most sacred instincts and traditions of a people, would be most 

 persistently maintained, even throughout long-continued migrations. 

 The use of bronze, on the other hand, being a matter of obvious 

 utility, and capable of widespread dissemination commercially, is 

 seemingly of far less ethnic significance. 



To indicate the uncertainty of proof in these matters, let us sup- 

 pose that the Hallstatt civilization, for example, is the result of an 

 immigration of a brachycephalic Oriental civilized race overlying a 

 primitive native long-headed one. That seems best to conform to 

 the data, which northern Italy at least affords. Suppose the new 

 people call them Celts with the best authorities, if you please 

 brought not only bronze and iron, but the custom of incineration. 

 Prior to their appearance inhumation was the rule. What would be 

 the result if one attempted to determine the physical character of that 



