26 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



tainlj appears to overlie this one in the later iron age in Switzerland 

 and throughout southern Germany; for the Helvetians and the 

 Reihengrdber conquerors from the north surely imposed a novel cul- 

 ture, albeit a militant one, upon the long-settled Alpine people, 

 racially speaking. The Hallstatt civilization is immeasurably too 

 early to permit of this hypothesis. At this time the long-headed 

 Teutonic peoples about Scandinavia were certainly vastly inferior in 

 culture, as we shall attempt to prove shortly. Thus we are forced to 

 the third conclusion if we admit the competency of our cranial evi- 

 dence namely, that the Hallstatt people in this early bloom of civili- 

 zation in Europe were allied to the Mediterranean type of the south. 

 No other source for such a dolichocephalic population is possible. 

 Our stock of types of this kind is exhausted. 



It does not require a great credulity to admit of this hypothesis, 

 that the Hallstatt people were of Mediterranean type. Were not the 

 Greeks, the Phoenicians, and the Egyptians all members of this same 

 race? One single difficulty presents itself. Over in Italy, through- 

 out the valley of the Po, an entirely analogous civilization to that 

 of the eastern Alps occurs. Hallstatt and Villanova, Watsch and 

 Bologna, are almost identical culturally. And yet over here in Italy 

 the new culture of bronze and of incineration seems to be borne by 

 a broad-headed people of the same type as the modern one. Thus, 

 for example, at Novilara so long as the bodies were all inhumed, the 

 people were of the long-headed Mediterranean type once indigenous 

 to the whole of Italy, now surviving, as we have seen, only in the 

 southern half. On the other hand, when incineration begins to ap- 

 pear in this place, the human remains still left to us are of a mixed 

 and far more broad-headed type. It would seem admissible to assume 

 that when the modern brachycephalic Alpine race submerged the 

 native one it brought new elements of civilization with it. Many 

 Italian authorities, at all events, agree in ascribing the new culture 

 call it Umbrian with Sergi, or proto-Etruscan with Helbig to a 

 new race of Yeneto-Illyrian or Alpine physical proclivities. What 

 they have not definitely proved, however, is that any necessary con- 

 nection between race and culture exists. There is much to show that 

 the broad-headed race came in some time before the introduction of 

 the new arts. Even in the later Terramare period, preceding the 

 Italian Hallstatt culture, when stone and copper only are in evidence, 

 a change of physical type in the people apparently begins, just as also 

 in France in the neolithic period. 



The most indubitable testimony that the Alpine race did not 

 appear in western Europe, armed cap-a-pie with bronze and other 

 attributes of culture, is afforded by the lake dwellings of Switzerland. 

 Here in the pile-built villages of the Swiss lakes we can trace an un- 



