THE ORIGIN OF EUROPEAN CULTURE. 27 



interrupted development of civilization from the pure stone age 

 through bronze and into iron. Beginning at a stage of civilization 

 about equal to that of the ancient Aryan-speaking peoples, judged 

 by the root words known to us; not only knowledge of the metals, but 

 of agriculture, of the domestication of animals, and of the finer arts 

 of domestic life, have little by little been acquired. Equally certain 

 is it that no change of physical type has occurred among these primi- 

 tive Swiss, at least until the irruptions of the Teutonic Helvetians and 

 others at the opening of the historic period. From the very earliest 

 times in the stone age a broad-headedness no less pronounced than 

 that of the modern Swiss prevailed among these people.* Here would 

 seem to be pretty conclusive proof that the Alpine race entered 

 Europe long before the culture with which its name has been all too 

 intimately associated. 



In the outlying parts of Europe, perhaps even in Gaul, it is ex- 

 tremely doubtful whether any closer connection between race and 

 culture exists than in the Alps. It has long been maintained that 

 the brachycephalic people of the Round Barrows introduced bronze 

 into Britain. Surely, as we have already shown, things point to that 

 conclusion, f Beddoe, Dawkins, and other authorities maintain it at 

 all events. Yet Canon Taylor makes it pretty evident that the new 

 race arrived in Britain, as it certainly did in Gaul, considerably in 

 advance of any knowledge of the metals. As for Scandinavia, much 

 the same relation holds true. Both race and culture, as we shall see, 

 came from the south, but it is by no means clear that they arrived at 

 the same time or that one brought the other. In Spain, Siret has 

 asserted that bronze came in the hands of a new immigrant broad- 

 headed race, but the authoritative opinion of Cartailhac discovers no 

 direct evidence to this effect. 



The final conclusions which would seem to follow from our 

 tedious summary is this: That the nearly contemporaneous appear- 

 ance of a brachycephalic race and the first knowledge of metals indica- 

 tive of Oriental cultural influences in western Europe, is more or less a 

 coincidence. The first civilized peoples of the Hallstatt period seem 

 to have been closely allied, both in physical type and culture, with 

 the Greeks and other peoples of the classic East. Among them, per- 

 haps over them, swept the representatives of our broad-headed Alpine 

 type who came from the direction of Asia. These invaders may have 



* This fact has been established beyond doubt by the recent great work of Studer and 

 Bannwarth, Crania Helvetica Antiqua, 1894. Vide p. 13. Sergi's attempt to interpret the 

 data otherwise (1898 a, p. 67) is entirely erroneous. Gross's data apparently refer entirely 

 to the later period of Teutonic invasions in the iron age (1883, p. 106). Cf. Munro, pp- 

 537 and 541. 



f Popular Science Monthly, December, 1897, p. 151. 



