34 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



unknown.* What can Penka say to this in his positive affirma- 

 tion that the original Aryans got up into Scandinavia, having 

 followed the reindeer from central Europe north after the re- 

 treat of the ice sheet? The fact is, archseologically speaking, 

 from the evidence furnished by the kitchen middens, that if 

 they ever did this " they left a fine country, where deer were 

 plenty, to subsist upon shellfish on the foggy coasts of Denmark." f 

 The entire absence of economic motive for such a migration is 

 at once apparent. Men seldom travel far under such conditions. 

 Quite early, however, even in the stone age, do evidences of 

 domestic animals occur, to the dog being added the ox, horse, 

 swine, and sheep. Pottery in a rude form also follows. Finally, and 

 in apparent coincidence with the bronze culture, comes a new custom 

 of incineration. The dead are no longer buried, but burned. A 

 profound modification of religious ideas is hereby implied. It seems 

 to have been at about this time also that our Alpine racial type entered 

 Scandinavia from Denmark, although, as we have already observed, it 

 is yet far from certain that the new race was the active agent in intro- 

 ducing the new elements of culture. All that we know is that they 

 both came from the south, and reached this remote region at about the 

 same time. 



That the origins of culture in Europe are certainly mixed would 

 seem to be about the main conclusion to be drawn from our extended 

 discussion. It has an iconoclastic tone. Yet we would not leave the 

 matter entirely in the air, nor would we agree with Mantegazza (1884) 

 in his conclusion that " Ignoramus " sums up our entire knowledge of 

 the subject. There is some comfort to be drawn even from this mass 

 of conflicting opinions. Our final destructive aim has been achieved 

 if we have emphasized the danger of correlating data drawn from 

 several distinct sciences, whose only bond of unity is that they are all 

 concerned with the same object man. The positive contribution 

 which we would seek to make is that the whole matter of European 

 origins is by no means so simple as it has too often been made to 

 appear. It is not imperative that conclusions from all the contribu- 

 tory sciences of physical anthropology, philology, and cultural history 

 should be susceptible of interweaving into a simple scheme of common 

 origins for all. The order of races, for example, need mean nothing 

 as respects priority of culture. Nor do the two sciences, philology 

 and archaeology, involve one another's conclusions so far as civiliza- 

 tion is concerned. Language and industrial culture may have had 

 very different sources; their migrations need stand in no relation to 



*Bertrand, 1876 b, p. 40. 



f Reinach, 1892, pp. 72-78, for severe criticism of Penka's hypotheses. 



