734 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



unity of race or of language, but is the resultant of a peculiar envi- 

 ronment. In recent times, the limits of the pueblo-culture area 

 have contracted to meet the demands of the white man; we know 

 also that before the advent of the Spaniard many once populous 

 districts had been abandoned, and as a result there came to be 

 fewer but larger villages. We know also, both from tradition and 

 from archaeological evidence, that in former days the pueblo people 

 inhabited many of the villages of southern Colorado and Utah, and 

 that the Hopis and their kin were numerous in many parts of Ari- 

 zona. The silent houses of the cliffs, the ruins of central Arizona, 

 and the great crumbling masses of adobe of the Salt and Gila River 

 valleys and in northern Chihuahua are all former habitations of 

 the Pueblo Indian. To-day there are no representatives of these 

 people in Utah or Colorado, while the seven Hopi towns of Tusayan 

 alone remain in Arizona. But there are still many pueblos scat- 

 tered along the Rio Grande, Jemez, and San Juan Rivers in New 

 Mexico. Alike in culture, we may divide the existing pueblos into 

 four linguistic groups namely, the Hopis of Arizona, the Zunis of 

 New Mexico, the Tehuas east of the Rio Grande, and the Queres to 

 the west of the Rio Grande. Of the earlier home of the last three 

 stocks we know but little. The ancestors of the Hopis we know 

 came from different directions some from the cliff dwellings of the 

 north, others from central Arizona. To-day, however, they form 

 a congeries of clans united and welded into a unit by similarity of 

 purpose and by the more powerful influence of a peculiar en- 

 vironment. 



The opinion was held until within a very few years that the 

 Hopis represented a small branch of the Shoshonean division of the 

 Uto-Aztecan stock, but Dr. Fewkes, our greatest authority on the 

 Hopi, has questioned the accuracy of this classification, and it can 

 be stated that the true affinities of the Hopi have not yet been 

 discovered. 



The province of Tusayan, or the Moqui Reservation, as it is 

 officially known to-day, contains about four thousand square miles 

 and about two thousand Indians. It is in the northeastern part 

 of Arizona, and its towns are about eighty miles by trail from the 

 railroad. The present inhabitants are grouped in seven pueblos, 

 located on three parallel mesas, or table-lands, which extend south- 

 ward like stony fingers toward the valley of the Little Colorado 

 River. The first or east mesa contains the pueblos of Walpi, Sit- 

 comovi, and Hano; on the second or middle mesa are Miconinovi, 

 Cipaulovi, and Cunopavi; and on the third or west mesa stands 

 Oraibi, largest and most ancient of all Hopi pueblos, and in many 

 respects the best preserved and most interesting community in the 



