THE HO PI INDIANS OF ARIZONA. 747 



provision is made for its erection. From the wall near the ceiling 

 project two wooden beams, on which, parallel to the floor, is a long 

 wooden pole, and to this is fastened, by buckskin thongs, the upper 

 part of the loom. Immediately under this pole is a plank, flush 

 with the floor, in which at short intervals are partially covered 

 U-shaped cavities in the wood, through which are passed buckskin 

 thongs which are fastened to the lower pole of the loom. The sets 

 of thongs are long enough to permit of the loom being lowered or 

 raised to a convenient height. While at work the weaver gener- 

 ally squats on the floor in front of his loom, or he occasionally sits 

 on a low, boxlike stool. It is no uncommon sight to see, at certain 

 times of the year, as many as six or eight looms in operation at 

 one time in a single kiva. The men also do all the sewing and em- 

 broidering. Practically all the yarn consumed by the Hopis is 

 home-dyed, but the colors now used are almost entirely from ani- 

 line dyes and indigo. Cotton is no longer used except in the manu- 

 facture of certain ceremonial garments, all others being made of 

 wool. They own their own sheep, which find a scant living in the 

 valleys; for the better protection of the sheep from wolves they 

 also keep large numbers of goats. 



Although the men do all the weaving, they do but little of it 

 for themselves. For the greater part of the year their only gar- 

 ment is the loin cloth a bit of store calico. In addition, they all 

 own a shirt of cheap black or colored calico, which is generally 

 more or less in rags, and a pair of loose, shapeless pantaloons, made 

 often from some old flour sack or bit of white cotton sheeting. It 

 is a rather incongruous sight to see some old Hopi, his thin legs in- 

 cased in a dirty, ragged pair of flour-sack trousers, on which can 

 still be traced " XXX Flour, Purest and Best." 



Neither sex scarifies, tattoos, or paints any part of the body 

 except in ceremonies, when colored paints are used as each cere- 

 mony requires. The men often wear large silver earrings, and sus- 

 pend from their neck as many strands of shell and turquoise beads 

 as their wealth will allow. Some of the younger men wear, in ad- 

 dition, a belt of large silver disks and a shirt and pantaloons of 

 velvet. Most of their silver ornaments, it should be noted, how- 

 ever, have been secured in trade from the Navajos, who are the 

 most expert silversmiths of the Southwest. 



When the Hopi isn't spinning or weaving, he is in his kiva 

 praying for rain, or he is in the field keeping the crows from his 

 corn. I was once asked if the Hopis plow with oxen or horses. 

 They use neither; they do not plow. ' When they plant corn they 

 dig a deep hole in the earth with a long, sharp stick until they 

 reach the moist soil. When the corn is sprouted and has reached 



