74 THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE 
under these circumstances survive a temperature of 
100 C.1_ There is, in short, the concurrent testimony 
of many observers to the fact that, after such an 
exposure, germination would never take place 
because the spores were no longer living. This 
was the result obtained in many experiments made 
by Bulliard, and related in his “ Histoire des 
Champignons.” Mere contact with boiling water 
was found sufficient to prevent germination; and 
M. Hoffmann? similarly ascertained that an ex- 
posure of from four to ten seconds sufficed to 
prevent the germination of all the Fungus spores 
with which he experimented. The experience of 
other observers has been similar, and among them 
that of Pasteur himself, who says explicitly, no Mould 
or Torula “can resist 100° C. when immersed in 
water,” as he has satisfied himself—this time, by 
“direct experiments.” *® Professor Jeffries Wyman 
also said,‘ ‘‘ We have tried many experiments upon 
different kinds of Moulds and yeast plants, and have 
found, as nearly all observers have, that they perish 
at 212. F.” The experiments of Liebig and Tar- 
nowski have, in fact, shown as already stated that 
' The difference of the resistance of organisms to dry heat is always 
far greater than to moist heat. But in all experiments referred to in 
this work we shall have to do with moist heat. I, therefore, purposely 
make no reference here to the investigations of Drs. Dallinger and 
Drysdale on the death-point of Monad germs (A/onthly Microscop. 
Journ., Aug. 1873, p. 57), though I have analysed and criticised these 
observations elsewhere (Journal of Linn. Soc. [Zoology], vol. xiv. pp. 
76-78). 
* Bullet. de la Soc. Botan., t. viii., p. 803. 
3 Ann. de Chim. et de Physique, 1862, p. 60. 
4“ Observations and Experiments on Living Organisms in Heated 
Water,” American Journ. of Science and Arts, vol. xliv. Sept. 1867. 

