CONCLUDING EXAMINATION 201 

lower forms, but would be utterly useless even from 
the point of view of the species-makers. One might 
at once describe as new species, and dignify with 
new names, the Bacillus of turnip-infusion, that of 
cucumber, and of fifty other fluids. But would any 
rational end be attained thereby ? 
Bacilli, however, are not the only organisms to be 
met with in boiled or superheated urine. On rare 
occasions we may meet with other forms. Thus, 
where oxygen has been added by electrolysis, and 
where the reaction of the fluid has continued faintly 
acid, I have on two or three occasions found Bacteria 
composed of two little ovoid cells—something like 
B. termo, in fact, except that they are always quite 
motionless. These have been seen in cases where 
there has been a feeble fermentation of type (c); and 
in some of my earlier experiments with results of the 
same kind (though no oxygen was added), and where 
the incubating-temperature had been 86°-95° F., I 
have found Diplococci, Streptococci as short chaplets, 
and small Torule. Lastly, in one or two specimens 
of partly neutralised diabetic urine with which I 
experimented in the spring, I found, some days after 
the boiling, Torule growing freely in the midst of 
flakes composed of aggregated Bacilli. 
Where the fermentation takes place in superheated 
vessels which have been sealed whilst the fluids were 
cold, so as to contain air, after the manner introduced 
by Spallanzani and Needham, and so often adopted 
since their time, the process is apt to show itself first 
by slight turbidity near the surface of the fluid. 
flay-tnfuszon, when treated in the manner last 
