MULTIPLE PREGNANCY 31 



and cows, lie always found the foetus' back turned toward 

 the convexity of the horn and the belly toward the concavity. 

 According to Franck, temporary deviations in the foetal posi- 

 tion may occur, but it always returns to its original normal 

 position. The calf lies laterally in the right abdomen, with 

 its head turned toward the pelvic outlet in such a manner 

 that the oblique long axis of the young meets the oblique 

 long axis of the mother at an angle of 30 deg. 



The back forms an arch, the limbs rest against each 

 other, the forelegs are flexed at the knees and the hindlegs 

 point forward. The head is bent toward the sternum. 



Franck, on the strength of his experiments (I.e. 110), 

 thinks that the weight of the vertebral column and the exces- 

 sive development of the liver induced that position where the 

 back was concave. 



It also happens that the posterior extremities of the 

 young are turned toward the pelvic inlet of the mother ; this 

 is the so-called croup or breech presentation. In the cow 

 4: to 5 per cent, of posterior presentations occur (Kehrer). 



6.— Multiple Pregnancy. 



The cow, as a rule, is uniparous — that is, produces one 

 youug at a birth, although twins are not uncommon. Collin 

 (de Wassy) reports a cow which was served twice and brought 

 forth three calves, two females and one male, the total weight 

 of which was 64 kg. 



Rainard mentions two cases of quadruples. 



Lessona published a case where an 18 year old cow bore 

 five calves, three females and two males. They only lived 

 eight days. 



Van Klaveren (Holland) reports the following case: A 

 four-year-old cow gave birth thirty to thirty-two days before 

 her regular time. The animal previously was perfectly well, 

 and thirteen days before delivery jumped a wide ditch. She 

 expelled at that time two foetuses, one immediately after the 

 other ; an hour later three more followed. After parturition, 



