OBSTETKICAL PHANTOMS 293 



expert in embryotomy. It has the advantage that all motions 

 of the student are visible and may be corrected. 



Already in 1851 S. Witt, instructor in obstetrics, gave a 

 course in embryotomy at the Utrecht school. For this pur- 

 pose he had made a phantom (fig. 71), consisting of a bovine 

 pelvis with the part of the vertebral canal, resting and fastened 

 to a wooden frame. The position of the pelvis padded with 

 leather corresponds to the one of a cow in the recumbent 

 position. 



Uterus and vagina are represented by a sac of leather, 

 with a flap on the side to introduce a dead calf. 



In the phantoms, newly born calves bled to death may be 

 used. When the calves become several days old they may 

 still be used, but the subcutaneous tissue has then become 

 rather firm. 



