46 INTRODUCTION. 



are totally unconnected with either oi these great and 

 fundamental laws of organic life ; so it is self-evident 

 that all such actions can only be referred to the higher 

 faculty of reason, and on that account they may be 

 called extra-instinctive. These extra-instinctive opera- 

 tions among animals present themselves in such infinite 

 variety, and the impulses whereby they are directed are 

 so diversified, that it is difficult to make any appropri- 

 ate selections from among them. For the sake of elu- 

 cidation, I will, however, instance two or three striking 

 examples of what I consider intellectual operations of 

 the mind, and such as are totally without the range of 

 instinct. 



All enslaved animals have a proneness to deceive and 

 to decoy others into the same state of captivity. If this 

 disposition occurred in those that are gregarious only, 

 it might be argued to be purely instinctive; but it takes 

 place equally in such as are by nature solitary, that is, 

 that associate in pairs only. This proneness is ob- 

 served in caged birds to lure others to the net. The 

 decoy duck traverses the pool, and, by a particular cry, 

 she engages the attention of the wild fowl flying about 

 her; when, having collected a sufficient number, she 

 leads them through a narrow tunnel into direct captivity: 

 on being herself released, she immediately departs in 

 quest of more. Tame elephants are sent out in search 

 of wild ones; which, having found, they return with, and 

 entice within the enclosures. Each wild elephant so 

 taken is then fastened between two tame ones, which 

 immediately enter on a regular discipline, more or less 

 rigorous, as their captive is more or less refractory. A 

 few days' fasting, with occasional blows from the pro- 

 bosces of their tutors, are generally sufficient to render 

 their pupil mild and tractable. It has been asserted, 

 that, much as this system must inconvenience the tame 



