The Result 199 



The fourth problem is that of survival, and 

 here perhaps the widest departure from cur- 

 rent views appears. Survival has been made 

 primary in the doctrines of Darwin ; but may 

 not survival be but an accident and not the 

 cause of the essential features on which life 

 and growth depend? Let life and growth 

 become complex, and survival acts effectively; 

 but it is not the cause of the forces that 

 produce complexity and differentiation. They 

 exist in their own right and work out their 

 ends regardless of survival. By survival the 

 laws of life and growth have neither been 

 made nor influenced. The simplest life has 

 all the principles of the fittest life, but these 

 elements are not so often repeated and 

 moulded into new combinations. 



Man is the highest form of multicellular 

 organisms, and his evolution has all the com- 

 plexity that the preceding stages permit. In 

 unicellular organisms, or even in simple multi- 

 cellular organisms, progress is through elimina- 

 tion, but when differentiations appear in men, 

 both of them persist and are brought into har- 

 mony by some division of labor or of function. 



