INTRODUCTION. 83 



Though somewhat later in point of time than they, the 

 school of exact research seems to have become the more 

 generally recognised agent in nineteenth-century progress. 



1809. Lamarck's 'Philosophic zoologique.' 



1799. Volta constructs his first electric pile, and announces this in 



1800 to Sir Joseph Banks. 



In chemistry the early years of the century brought many of Gay- 

 Lussac's important Memoirs, in 



1801 Humphry Davy publishes the first of his electro-chemical dis- 



coveries, and 



1802-3 Berzelius publishes his own. 

 1803. Berthollet's 'Essai de Statique chimique.' 



1810. John Dalton's ' New System of Chemical Philosophy.' 



1801. Thomas Young announces to the Royal Society his belief in the 



undulatory theory of light, which during 



1802, 3, and 4 he substantiates further in his papers, and fully expounds 



during 



1802 and following years in his lectures to the Royal Institution. 

 1808. Malus announces his discovery of the polarisation of light through 



reflection. 



1802. Chladni's 'Akustik.' 



Count Rumford's papers, which laid the foundation of the mechanical 

 explanation of heat, belong to the end of the last century, and in 



1799 H. Davy publishes his equally important 'Essay on Heat, Light, 

 &c.' 



1800. Bichat's ' Recherches physiologiques.' 



1801. Bichat's ' Anatomie gene"rale.' 



1799-1804. Alexander von Humboldt travels in America, and lays by 

 his observations the foundation of the sciences of physical 

 geography and meteorology 



For the history of the philosophical movement of thought the years 



1793-1806 witnessed in Germany the great development, expansion, and 

 criticism of Kant's ideas in the writings of 



1793 Schiller, ' Briefe iiber iisthetische Erziehung.' 



1796. Schiller, 'tJber naive und sentimentalische Dichtung.' 



1797. Fichte, ' Wissenschaf tslehre.' 

 1797. Schelling, ' Naturphilosophie.' 



1803. Schelling, ' Transcendentaler Idealismus.' 



1799. Schleiermacher, ' Reden iiber die Religion.' 



1800. Schleiermacher, 'Monologen.' 

 1799. Herder, ' Metakritik.' 



1799. Jacobi, ' Offener Brief an Fichte.' 

 1806. Hegel, ' Phiinomenologie des Geistes.' 

 In France 



1804. Destutt de Tracy's 'Ideologic' represents the reigning philo- 



sophy, and 



1803 Maine de Biran's ' Mdmoire sur 1'Habitude ' the beginning of the 



later reaction against it. 

 In England 

 1792-1827. Dugald Stewart's ' Elements of the Human Mind ' and his 



