194 SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT. 



said to be a German science as chemistry has been 

 named a French science. I have already referred to the 

 great Haller in the last century, who may be called the 

 father of physiology ; to Blumenbach, the comparative 

 anatomist ; and to Liebig and Wohler, who first among 

 chemists succeeded in producing an organic compound by 

 the processes of inorganic chemistry. I have now to add 

 two names, which together mark a great revolution in our 

 ideas of the structure of organisms, and link together 

 the two sciences which had treated separately of the 

 Celine animal and vegetable worlds. About the year 1838 

 schieiden Mathias Schieiden l propounded his cellular theory con- 



Treviranus (1776-1837), a learned j deal with living things, whether 



physician of Bremen, who began to | they be animals or whether they 



write his ' Biologic oder Philosophic i be plants" (loc. cit., p. 138). It 



der lebenden Natur' in 1796 and ! can be divided into three branches 



to publish it in 1802 (6 vols., 1802- (1) Morphology, which comprises 



22). Lamarck used the word in : the sciences of anatomy, develop- 



his ' Hydrogeologie,' 1801. They, i ment, and classification ; (2) the 



as well as Bichat about the same science of the distribution of living 



time, independently " conceived the ' beings, present and past; and (3) 



notion of uniting the sciences which ; physiology, which deals with the 



deal with living matter into one functions and actions of living 



whole, and of dealing with them | beings, and tries to "deduce the 



as one discipline " (Huxley, on the 

 study of Biology, 1876, in 'Ameri- 

 can Addresses,' p. 136, &c.) The 

 term, though of German origin, has 



facts of moi-phology and of distribu- 

 tion from the laws of the molecular 

 forces of matter " (Huxley, ' Lay 

 Sermons,' &c., p. 83, 1864). To 



not found favour in that country, i these three Huxley adds (' Ency. 



and after having been used officially Brit.,' art. "Biology") the infant 



in France and England, makes its science of "aetiology," which "has 



appearance in Germany only since j for its object the ascertainment of 



the great works of the modern 

 English school, headed by Darwin, 

 have gained so much influence in 

 Germany. In the meantime the 

 biological sciences had been exten- 

 sively represented at the German 

 universities by chairs of physiology, 

 zoology, botany, &c. According to 

 Huxley, biology has been "substi- 

 tuted for the old confusing name 

 of natural history," and "denotes 

 the whole of the sciences which 



the causes of the facts of biology 

 and the explanation of biological 

 phenomena, by showing that they 

 constitute particular cases of general 

 physical laws" (p. 688). 



f Mathias Jacob Schieiden (1804- 

 81), for some time Professor of 

 Botany at Jena, was a man of 

 peculiar ability and disposition, 

 combining a philosophical mind 

 with exact knowledge and a gen- 

 eral literary taste, not frequently 



