10 



Large parts of these four streams are bordered by agricultural, industrial 

 and municipal lands. Land uses include ranching, small grain production, small 

 industry, and urban development — and in the headwaters of Bozeman and Fleshman 

 Creeks, forest uses. A shift from agricultural to urban-municipal use is 

 rapidly occurring in many parts of the bordering lands, with increase in 

 artificial alterations of stream channels and banks. 



The range of approximate annual mean discharges over all study sites was 0.04 

 m /sec to 1.46 m /sec. Average critical period discharge (late summer flow from 

 August 1 to September 15) ranged from 0.034 m /sec to 0.80 m /sec. 



METHODS 

 Selection of Study Stations 



Potential study streams were suggested by fishery biologists of the 

 Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Identification of deliberate 

 stream course relocations done in recent decades was accomplished by inspection 

 of aerial photos (scale: 12 inches/mile) taken in 1937, 1954 and 1977. 



Each stream was divided into reference-station reaches by measuring 

 and marking of 100-m reaches contiguously from the mouth upstream for several 

 kilometers including both urban and non-urban areas, but with some gaps in the 

 system of stations, owing to access problems. Within each stream, the stations 

 were classified as being either urban (definitely within an urban-impacted area) 

 or control (non-urban — although perhaps "suburban" in some cases — and relatively 

 less impacted by artificial alteration). Within each category, a sample of 

 stations was selected for study. 



On Bozeman Creek, many of these stations were contiguous in groups of two 

 or three. For some analyses, contiguous stations were treated as combined 

 areas, called "sections," with the data lumped within sections. 



