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mon on suburban roads. All limbs should be cut as close as possi- 

 ble to the tree, and cuts over i ^/^ to 2 inches in diameter should be 

 painted with thick lead, tar, shellac or some such substance to pre- 

 v^ent decay. Strictly horizontal cuts should never be left, since they 

 retain water and rot is likely to result, and the cleaner the cut the 

 better it will heal. There is, moreover, less chance for subsequent 

 rotting. 



Many of the cavities in trees are caused by leaving long stubs on 

 the trunk of the tree, which become disintegrated and fall ofif, and 

 the decay follows back into the heart of the tree. (See Fig. 2.) It 

 is therefore essential that close pruning and antiseptic treatment of 

 the wounds should be practiced in order to prevent this decay. The 

 plastic materials in a tree will not follow up a long stump and form 

 a callus unless there are some branches left upon it which bear 

 leaves, and even then healing will take place only close to the living 

 branch on the stump. 



Two cuts should be made in pruning practically all limbs to pre- 

 vent peeling, and on limbs of any size it is necessary to make the 

 incision on the under side for the same reason. (See Figs. 3 and 4.) 

 After reniQvingthe limbs with a saw, a mallet and chisel maybe used 

 to smooth up the cut surface. This induces a better callus growth. 

 It is well to prune carefully at the time of transplanting, when all 

 street trees should be trimmed up 8 or 10 feet or more. It is also 

 often necessary to cut back some of the branches in order to balance 

 the root system, and when this is done some of the less desirable 

 branches may be sacrificed, and those remaining may be cut back to 

 some extent. 



The practice of topping trees is injurious and should never be re- 

 sorted to except in special cases. All of the reserve material in the 

 tree is stored in the roots, stem and branches, and in rf transplanted 

 tree this is sufficient to develop the foliage. It is necessary that a 

 tree should have a certain amount of foliage for growth and develop- 

 ment, since the rapidity of growth is dependent upon leaf develop- 

 ment. 



The type of trees termed " bean poles," or trees with the tops cut 

 away to such an extent that there are no limbs left, is not suited, 

 therefore, to transplanting. Such trees as the willow will survive any 

 amount of mutilation, but elms, maples and others must be handled 



