3' 



being easier to place than a solid rod. as less attention has to be 

 given to boring the holes. If links are placed in the rod, as is some- 

 times done, this difficulty is of course obviated to some extent. 



In most cases of chaining and bolting the washer and nut are 

 placed on the outside of the bark, and often no attempt is made to 

 cut the ends of the bolts off. The unsightliness of this method 

 makes it objectionable. It is better to cover the nut and washer, 

 which may be done by coun- 

 tersinking them into the wood 

 of the tree, imbedding them 

 in cement. (See Figs. 1 1 

 and 12.) 



By the aid of an extension 

 bit a hole is bored through 

 the bark into the wood, and 

 the washer and nut are 

 placed in this depression. 

 They should be well im- 

 bedded in thick paint or tar 

 and either elastic or Port- 

 land cement used to cover 

 them, allowing the cement 

 to come flush with the ex- 

 terior surface of the wood. 

 By this method the end of 

 the bolt, the washer and the 

 nut are covered and the ex- 

 posed wood treated anti- 

 septically, with the result 

 that no further injury to the 

 tree takes place. The scar heals over in a short time, leaving no 

 trace of the bolt. 



Fig. 10. Chain and bolt method of supporting 

 limbs. From "Park and Cemetery." 



TREATING DECAYED CAVITIES, FILLINGS, ETC. 



Decayed cavities in trees are very undesirable, since the fungi and 

 insects which are present extend their range of activity, causing 

 decay and shortening the tree's life. Cavities result from poor 



