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AND H R T 1 C U L T i' li A I. li I:: G I S T K R 



109 



Kroiti K«nriok't N»\« Aitwricnn Orcharclirt. 



TRANSPLANTING. 



^•n trees nro rcinovcil I'tpr llic p-irpciso of boin^ 

 iplaiilcd, their roots, should, if possible, be prc- 

 il fresh and entire. If these preraiitioiis havo 

 omitted, their whole bodies mid routs must be 

 rseil m fresh water <luring; iwentyfotir hours ; 

 iheir tops must be lessened in proportion to 

 .)ss tlieir roots have sustained. The sources 

 hicli they derive the nourishment which thi-y 

 ve t'roni the earth being diminished, the whole 

 f the tree, and even its vitality, would other- 

 pass olf by transpiration. 

 tober and November, and immediately after 

 rst hard frosts have arrested vegetation, is cs- 

 .M the best season of all for transplanting' 

 Tiio poach, tlio plum, tlio cherry, and ever- 

 I trees, do especially well when planted early 

 tumn. But where circumstances render it 

 sary. transplanting may be deferred till spring, 

 hen trees arc transplanted in autumn, the 

 becomes duly consolidated at their roots, and 

 ire ready to vegetate with the first advance- 

 of spring. 



e holes for receiving the trees, should be dug 

 tour to si.x feet in diameter, according to the ' 

 f the trees, and eighteen inches deep; the 

 r subsoil should be cast out to this depth, and ; 

 •ed at bottom with rich soil, intermixed with 

 ion of manure. The tree should generally I 



no deeper than it stood before, otherwise the 

 roots will cease to grow ; the fibres should be | 

 I horizontally, in their natural position, and 

 il intimately and compactly placed about 

 •oots ; manure may be placed above and be- 



and on every side, but ought never to be 

 ■id to come in contact with the roots, as it ia 



in this case, to corrupt and injure them: — 

 by treading the ground very hard. When 

 ■ecn trees are set, it is generally considered 

 ensable to pour at once a few gallons of wa- 

 )und the tree previous to treading hard the 



finish earthing, and tread hard an hour af- 

 •ds. This is is an excellent and safe mode 

 ■egard to any tree. 



lERlNG AND PRESERVING APPLES, 

 ioiis theories have been offered for preserv- 

 ples in a sound state for winter use, or for 

 ; voyages. Some have proposed gathering 

 tit before it is ripe, and drying it on floors 

 it is up; this has been tried; the apples 

 cir sprightly flavor, and keep no belter than 

 ic less troublesome modes. Dr. Noah W'eb- 

 commends that they should be put down be- 

 ayers of sand which has been dried by the 

 f summer. This is without doubt an e.xceU 

 odc, as it excludes the air, and absorbs the 

 re, and must be useful when apples are to be 

 d to a warm climate. 



pped straw has also been highly recommend- 

 e placed between the layers of fruit ; but I 

 oticed that the straw from the perspiration 

 bes, becomes musty, and may probably do 

 urt than good. When apples are to be ex- 

 it has been recommended that each be sep- 

 wrapped in coarse paper, in the manner 

 s and lemons are usually put up. This is, 

 t doubt, an excellent mode. And Mr Lou- 

 s recommended that apples destined for Eu- 

 iiould be packed between layers of grain. 

 >t quantities of fine winter fruit are raised in 



I the vicinity of Boston, niul put up for winter use, 

 for the markets, and for exportation. The follow. 

 ing is the mode almost universally adopted by the 

 iiiost experienced ; and by this mode apples, under 

 I very unfavorable circumstances, arc frequently pro- 

 I served in a sound Btato, or not one iii fifty defcc- 

 I tive, for a period of seven or eight moiith.s. 'I'ho 

 I fruit is sulVercd to hang on the tree tn as Into a pe- 

 riod as possible in October, or till hard frosts have 

 } loosened the stalk, and they arc in imminent dan- 

 !;cr of being blown down by high winds: such a.s 

 I have already fallen are carefully gathcreil and in- 

 spected, and the best are put up for early winter 

 use. They are carefully gathered from the tree 

 by hand, and as carefully laid in baskets. New, 

 j light, well-seasoned Hour barrels from the bakers, 

 I are usually preferred: the baskets, being filled, 

 I are cautiously lowered into the barrels and revers- 

 ed. The barrels, being i^iiite filled, are gently 

 shaken, and the head is gently pressed down to 

 its place and secured. It is observed thai this 

 pressure never causes them to rot no.\t the head, 

 and is necessary, as they are never allowed to rat- 

 tle in removing. No soft straw or shavings arc 

 admitted at the ends ; it causes inuslincss and de- 

 cay. They are next carefully placed in wagons, 

 and removed on the in/g-c, and laid in courses in a 

 cool, airy situation on the north side of buildings, 

 near the cellar, protected by a covering on the top, 

 of boards, so placed as to defend them from the 

 sun and rain, while the air is not excluded at the 

 sides. A chill does not injure ihem ; it is no dis- 

 service ; but when extreme cold weather comes on, 

 and they are in imminent danger of being frozen, 

 whether by night or day, they arc carefully rolled 

 into a cool, airy, dry cellar, with openings on the 

 north side, tliat the cold air may have free access; 

 they are laid in tiers, and the cellar is in due time 

 closed and rendered secure from frott. The bar- 

 rels are never tumbled or placed on the head. 



Apples keep best when grown in dry seasons 

 and on dry soils. If fruit is gathered late, and ac- 

 cording to the above directions, re-packing is un- 

 necessary ; it is even ruinous, and should on no 

 account be practiced till the barrel is opened for 

 use. It has boon fully tried. 



When apples are to bo exported, Mr Cobbett 

 has recommended that they should, if possible, be 

 carried on deck ; otherwise between decks. Be- 

 tween decks is the place, and in the most dry, 

 cool, and airy part. — Ibid. 



l'°rom ihc Albany Cultivalor. 



HORSE HARNESS. 

 The object of this communication is to call the 

 attention of farmers to the inconvenience and need- 

 less expense they incur in using the kind of har- 

 ness, for their common business, at present mostly 

 in use among them. \\ c arc too much the slaves 

 of fashion ; and instead of studying economy, or 

 our own convenience, in endeavoring to keep pace 

 with the rich, or those in higher or different situs- 

 tions in life, we are often found with articles of 

 dress or equipage, far from being convenient for 

 our business or appropriate to our condition. It 

 probably does not occur to many, that the harness 

 used fifteen or twenty years ago, was much more 

 convenient, less expensive, and more enduring than 

 that mostly used at the present day ; being calcu- 

 lated for business instead of pleasure. The most 

 objectionable part of the harness now used is the 

 breeching, which was never calculated for heavy 



loads, anil is very unsuitable ; horsPH not being 

 iililo to back or hold a load with lialf the cine as 

 Willi thoso of the liiHhion of by-gono days. The 

 fashion of the broeclniig now in use, was introduc- 

 ed into this country from Knyland, some forty years 

 ago, and was calluil the pliu;ion brcLcliiiig ; the 

 name indicating an article fur pleasure rather than 

 conveiiicnco — yet wc havo almoit universally 

 adopted it for all kinds of heavy work, 'i'he I'onn- 

 sylvania, or Dutch brrochiiig, is far cheaper, on ac- 

 count of its durability, than the pha'ton, and far 

 better adapted to the ease and convenience of the 

 horse ill any situation. Martingals, gaga and 

 I checks, are also very objectionable for a business 

 harness; tending to confine a horse to ono posi- 

 lion, anil of course curtailing the free use of some 

 of his muscles, and requiring greater exertion in 

 others, adding much to the performance of what is 

 required of hiin. Il appears to me, that it will re- 

 quire no logical demonstration to convince any re- 

 flecting mind, that where great muscular exertion 

 is required, a free and unfettered use of all the 

 muscles, as far as circumstances will admit, is very 

 important. The cheapest, most convenient, and 

 durable harness, is made with leather tugs frorp 

 the hame to the hind Hank, about three feet long, 

 with a string in the o;id. Pennsylvania breeching, 

 with a leather strap from the ring of that to the 

 one in the end of the tug. Chain traces, with 

 what is called a T, on ono end, which goes in at 

 the ring on the end of the tug. Whiflletrces, with 

 rings at the ends, the traces passing through them 

 and hooking to any required length. Scotch col- 

 lars, iron bails to hold back, and wire snaps on the 

 lines. 



Many farmers suffer much by neglecting to oil 

 their harness seasonably and properly ; though 

 once a year, if done as it should be, is generally 

 sufficient. The best way is, after the harness is 

 taken to pieces and cleaned, to have a kettle of 

 warm water and put your oil into that; then dip 

 in one strap at a time, taking care to let the oil 

 close up to the strap as you take it out. It will 

 then require rubbing off with a dry cloth, and will 

 remain soft for a year. The water should not be 

 so hot as to scald the leather. Ncals or pigs-foot 

 oil is the best ; next to that, fresh butter, if yoa 

 can aflxjrd it, if not, hogs lard. Many farmers sup- 

 pose nothing so good as curriers' oil, but that should 

 be the last used. Harness not used for a year or 

 two, is greatly injured by becoming hard and 

 cracking ; for that reasim, a new harness lying idle 

 for any considerable length of time, is not worth 

 as much as one carefully used the same length of 

 time. D. S. CURTIS. 



LABOR. 



If we look through the historical records of the 

 world, we shall find that few persons have at- 

 tained to great celebrity in any profession, without 

 devoting all their intellectual powers to that one 

 object. A man who is determined to become emi- 

 nent in a particular line, must resolutely bend eve- 

 ry action to that end, or he can have but little 

 chance of success. Divided attention prevents 

 that energy of endeavor that often leaves idle ge- 

 nius far behind. Great talents, united with dili- 

 gence, certainly form the most perfect requisites 

 for excellence ; but as they are the lot of very 

 few, it is happy for the rest of mankind, that a com- 

 mon degree of intellect, seconded by unwearied 

 perseverance, is sufficient for most purposes in 

 life.— Selected. 



