VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 409 



produced in the exogen upon the dying 

 bodies of their predecessors, sending down 

 from year to year their roots over their roots, 

 and thus producing an accumulation ot" woody 

 matter, in as it were a succession of hollow 

 cones, coue over cone. This conical form of 

 the trunk, as it is called, is a constant charac- 

 ter of all the trees of this vast class of vegeta- 

 tion ; the base of it is always larger than the 

 parts above, and they tajier to their extremi- 

 ties, as is seen in the trunks and branches of 

 all our English trees and shrubs. The ten- 

 dency to this form is shown eve;i in the an- 

 nual stems of herbaceous plants, the base of 

 which is larger than the upper end in conse- 

 quence of its containing the woody tubes de- 

 scending from a greater number of leaves and 

 developing buds. The characters resulting 

 from exogenous increase can scarcely be 

 traced iu a perennial herb, and in those of an- 



nual duration are altogether wanting; but 

 the .sti-atification of the tissue is the same as 

 in the young shoot or incipient branch of a 

 tree : the external bark, the woody sheath, 

 the central column of piih, even the medul- 

 lary rays, the connecting medium between 

 the pith and the bark, are present. The pro-- 

 ductiou of these latter and other circum- 

 stances connected with the differential char- 

 acters of exogeus and endogeiis, in their ear- 

 lier stages of giowlh, will be illustrated 

 when we come to discuss the phenomena of 

 the germination of the seed ; at present we 

 will content ourselves with a comparatively 

 superficial glance at the several structures, 

 leaving their ultimate origin for after consid- 

 eration, when we have become a little more 

 familiar with the more obvious iacts and the 

 general opinions deducible from them. 



TABLE, 



Shoicing the Value of Foreign Coins, Weights and Measures. 



KATES AT WHICH FOREIGN MONEY OB CDRBENCY ARE 

 FIXED BY LAW. 



Franc, of France or Belgium $0 18 6-10 



Florin, of Netherlands 40 



Florin, of Southern States of Germany 40 



Guilder, of Netherlands 40 



Livre. (Toumois) of France 18 1-2 



Lira, of the Lombardo-Venitian Kingdom . . 16 



Lira, of Tuscany 16 



Lira, of Sardinia 18 6-10 



Milrea, of Portugal 1 12 



Milrea, of .Azores S3 1-8 



Marc Banco, of Hamburg 35 



Pound Sterling, of Great Britain 4 84 



Pound, of British Provinces of Nova Sco- 

 tia. New-Brunswick, Newfoundland and 



Canada 4 00 



Pagoda of India 1 84 



Real Vellon, of Spain 05 



Real Plate, of Spain 10 



Rupee Company 44 1-2 



Rupee, of British India 44 1-2 



Specie Dollar, of Denmark 1 05 



Rix Dollar, or Thaler, of Prussia and the 



Northern States of Germany 69 



Rix Dollar, of Bremen 78 3-4 



Ruble, Silver, of Russia 75 



Specie Dollar, of Sweden and Norway 1 06 



Florin, of Austria 48 1-2 



Ducat, of Naples 80 



Ounce, of Sicily 2 40 



Tale of China 1 48 



Leghorn Livre 16 



TABLE OF FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, RE- 

 DUCED TO THE STANDARD OF THE U. STATES : 



Amsterdam. 



100 Ibf., 1 centner pounds 108-93 



Last of grain bushels 85-25 



Ahm of wine gallons 4100 



Amsterdam foot foot 0-!)3 



Antwerp foot foot 0-94 



RhineUind foot feet 1-03 



Amsterdam ell feet 22(i 



Ell of ihe Ilii^ue feet 2-2-i 



EU of the Brabant feet 2-30 



China. 



Tael ounce 1 1-2 



16 taele 1 catty pounds 1 1-2 



(7C9] 



100 catties 1 picul pounds 133 1-4 



England. 



Old ale gallon gallon 1-22 



Imperial gallon gallon 1-20 



Old wine gallon gallon 1-00 



Quarter of grain, or 8 imperial bush .'bush. 8-25 



Imperial corn bushel, or 8 imp'l gall bush. 1-03 



Old Winchester bushel bush. 1-00 



Imperial yard inches 36-00 



Troy pound pounds avoirdupois 144175 



France. 



Metre feet 3-28 



Decimetre (1-lOth metre:) inches 3-94 



Velt gallons 200 



Hectolitre gallons 26-42 



Decalitre gallons 2-64 



Litre pints 2-11 



Kilolitre feet 35-32 



Hectolitre bushels 2-84 



Decalitre quarts 9-08 



Millier pounds 2-2-05 



Quintal pounds 220-54 



Kilogramme pounds 2-~'4 



Portugal. 



100 pounds pounds 101-19 



•22 pounds (1 arrobe) pounds 22-26 



4 aiTobes, of 22 pounds,(l quintal) pounds 89-05 



Alquiere bushels 4-75 



Majo, of grain bushels 23-03 



Last, of salt bushels 70-00 



Almude, of wine gallons 4-37 



Russia. 



100 pounds, of .32 laths each pounds 90-26 



Chertwei-t, of grain bushels 5-95 



\'edro, of wine gallons 3-25 



Petersburg foot gallons 1-18 



Moscow foot gallons 1-10 



Food pounds 1.36 



Sweden. 



1 00 pounds, or 5 lispunds pounds 73-76 



Can, of can bushels 7-42 



Lan bushels 7500 



r.nnn, of wine gallons 6909 



Kll, of cloth feet 1-95 



Smyrna. 



100 pounds, (1 quintal) pounds 129-48 



Oke pounds 2-83 



Quiltal, of grain bushels 1-46 



Quiltal, of wine gallons 13-50 



