50 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



Sept. 8, 18-21), 



in. known horses irretrievably injured by repeti- , This ball is intended to purge very n^ode^-^^}yf 

 "^ ■ ■ - ■' •' but should its operation be more considerable, 



found with his dung, let the mouth be careiuay uu" "' •■'"= =-.",""- ■-»- - = ' 



examined, and the cause will probably be found.- waU<ing exercise are <^^^«"^'=^"y /'^^". f 

 But if nothing can be seen to account for the should be understood however that althougle.^- 



horse's feeding badlv, if the food and water are ercise tends to promote strength, ye if earned be- , 

 good, the manger and rack clean, as well as the yond the animal's power, it is sure to '''"'''"^h Jt ; | 

 Sail from which he drinks, and free from any of- therefore, whenever a horse is very weak Nolunta- 

 fensive smell ; and if it is ascertained also that ry e.xercise only is proper; such as he may get in | 

 there is no ditficultv in swallowing, then it is to be a large stable, or in favourable weather in a small , 

 presumed that the stmnacli and other parts coii- .field or enclosure. | 



nected with it are in an unhealthy state, and , that , A horse in this state should be led and v. a.e ed , 

 the loss of appetite and loss of conditiou deuend , oftener than usual, and lus water should be at the, 

 on that circumstance. summer temperature. , " ., „ I 



' ¥he most common cause of loss of tone and en- j Worms in the stomach and bowels are a fre- ] 

 eroy in the stomach is feeding upon umvholesome quent cause of leanness and debility. A detect in i 

 provender, or such as is diilicult of digestion ; of the organs of respiration will also produce weak- 1 

 this kind are musty oats and hay, &c. By keep- , ness and emaciation. ( 



ing a horse on such unwholesome food for some i If the blood be not duly supplied wita that vivi- , 

 time, he not only loses strength and condition, but : fying principle, wliich is derived from '^f^^l^J i 

 becomes subject to very serious diseases, especial- , breathing, a greater or less degree ot debility ( 

 ly when he is made to work liarl, or to do only ! must be the consequence ; hence a want o, tone is 

 what many considc^yioderate work for huu w'Een , always observable in the stomach and bowels ot , 

 in good condition. Inlliis case a change of diet j broken winded horses, as well as a deficiency in . 

 is of course the principal remedy ; but when thejthe muscular power ui general. i he sa;.:c eMls i 

 stomach has been much weakened it will bene-lwiU result from keeping a horse in too close a 1 

 cessary to feed the animal more frequently than [stable, where the air does not cent lui the usual: 



usual with small quantities of food, that is light jproporlion of this principle. | 



and e'lsy of digestion ; such as mashes of ground j 



malt, boiled barley, or oats, &c. A dose of la.va- | 



live medicine about once in a vveek or 1°" ''«.V-^. j ,„;„'^;^' .j, of Mr Lowki.l's communication of 



wil also be «.se ul Ju"":? .tl'e horse's recovery ; | P .^^^^^ .^ ^.^^^^ paper of the l.»t 



nnd regular walkmg, exercise, and good grooming , ' P ^^^^ j,„,,,^ 3„„, „bserva- 



are no less essential. Drinking cold wate freely, , ' ^^^ Dch.vmel, who seems to be 



when heated bv exercise, will otten produce an i ^'"'''' '" " u, /• • i- i ;„*!,„«„„> 



iM.Lt in,a,icii V V c , 1 inade answerable for iTnorancc. which, in the case 



injurious effect anon the stomach, and consequent- "'■'"• ''"^^■^•o- - ' 



, ■■ . ,. ■ , ^ r li ■ ■ i belore us. IS attributabe exclusively to me. 



ly upon the skm and coat ; from this cause arise i '"-^"^^ "=>' " "^ ' - . „ 



small tumors on various parts of the body, hide- 

 bound, rough unhealthy looking coat, loss of con- 

 dition, and many other evils. The same effects:-^ , ,, ^ i, . r i k„<v,,^ ot„f^,i 

 ,' J J , 1- I ,„„f, .,1 ;„„ of remedy, and I repeat what I have before stated, 

 maybe produced by making a horse stand in a '= ^ J' i „ , ,. „,„„•,,; 

 ..J, ...: J :.. . .<■.„.. I... '.,„ i.„o„ i,o„f.^ i>„ that no time should be lost after the disease is dis- 

 covered, in amputating the limb, or limbs, where it 

 makes its appearance ; for in my garden it has 



PEAR TREES. 

 ^MiK.N. — If you will permit me to reply 



Putting the cause of the disease in Pc^r Trees 

 out of the qnestion, I will with -pleasure join Mr 

 Lowell in his recommendations as to the means 



cold v/ind or rain ; after having been heated by 



exercise, especially when tlio exercise has been 



such as to cause fatigue or exhaustion; in this ;. ,, ^ .t r », .!,„ 



■ , , ., . ■ J- „ „ „,„ „r-.„„ not been conhned to one, two or three limbs on the 



case, indeed, the most serious diseases are olten rt- . , , . i i i „„„ „„t „ff ;t 



, J , -a *• „,.„,i,.„,^„ trees affected — but when one has been cut oft, it 



produced, such as inflammation, or acute rheuma- '"^'-=' •" . .-i t i 



f- , >■ 1 . 1 „i„.,* „i,;ii las made its appearance in others, until 1 have 



tism, or what is commonly termed a violent chill. ''^^ "' ,, , ^^ , ^ , j 



,„, .. ,• .■ , u been ob iffed to cut some of my large and most 



The oifestive organs sometimes become weak , , . " , . ' ; ^ 



, ,? .., . . „„j „„„!- 'valuable trees to su'TI an extent, as to ruin, or 



gradually without any apparent cause ; and such i """ ^ , 



is the connexion of the skin with the stomach tiiat I "^"'y/"'" '^"'^■'"- , , ,, , ., , 



, .. .1 • 1 • ' Mr LowELi, savs that he could have wished 



the coat and general appearance of the animal is | ™r i^"" ^li, bdys at i.- i, a ^ t t 



. 1 „<• .1 „ .ffi.,.;„„ Ti,;, ; . «,.-t ;„ that gentlemen who differ from him, had not stat- 

 surc to partake of the attection. i his is nisi in- , » ,.,,■• j- ^ <• i 



,■ , , , r- ■\ ■ .1 .-. „. I,., if !,„ cd the reasons on which their dissent was tound- 



dicated by a failura in the appetite, or by its be-p'''"^' , . , , . j, 



1 .,„j n,i> !,„■.-■, 1 i;,,.. 1,;- Uttor ;„ ed, or had assigned more conclusive ones; and he 

 coming depraved, the horse eating uis litter in .' , , , , , »• r . 



,. ° ' 1 . .■ .u . i wishes that he could have some more satisfactory 



pre erence to good hay, -or eating any earihy mat- [ ""'"'f '^"-"- "\ , ., . nr vr 



L that comes ill his way, or licking the walls.- \ solution than Mr DrH,vMEi.'s-that you Mr Ed, 



This is soon followed by general debility, emacia- ^^"r, and your Brookline correspondent present 



1 u wu . 'iM f ff„„f .o"! : Views of the Physiology of plants which are en- 



tion, and an unhealthy coat. 1 he most eftectual .'"^ " " "' "•" , . ■^ , ^Z. , '^ , ■ ■ 



r • .!.• „ ., ,«»„«;., „.„.i;,.;.,u- r„.fri *"-«?'/ "C'" to him, and which are not recognired 



remedies in this case are tonic medicines, nutrir .•,'_,.,'. . „ ^i » i 



J. .^ ■ , . • 1 • I ■, ■ ;i., j; by the Physiologists of Europe — that you proceed 



tious diet, given in a state in winch It IS easily di-! "J" "',' "/,' ,'- , / . i • .i 



» J , I 1 » f u „r „^^,.„A ' upon the idea that the sap docs not ascend in the 



gested, such as bruised oats, mashes ot ground "i'" ' , , , , . , ,, i- i i j 



"=,,., T> ■ . .1 . ■ '•»; »u„ r„i heart-wood, but sole V in the alburnum, which led 



malt, ffic. Previous to the tonic meuicme the lol- '"='""• " ; ■' , . . 



, . , ,. . .,1 1 i,„ „:„„„ ^ , you into this unwarranted opinion, 



lowing laxative should be given. iJ t., • , • ^ nr r.j-» u i c n 



" " I am no Physiologist, Mr Editor, but from all 



Aloes, from 3 to 6 drachms, that I have been able to gather from my limited 



v. Sowp, - - - 3 drachms, , researches, and the little observation I have mai'e. 



Powdered ginger "2 drachms, j i have been led to suppose that the great flow of 



Oil of Carawiys 20 drops, , g.,p ,vas throug-h the lignenns parts of the alburnum 



Byrup enough to form a ball. I or sap-wooi, and that after circulating throughout 



the extremities of the branches, and performing 

 its functions through the leaves, it descended be 

 twecn the alburnum and the innsr bark,iiicreasin; 

 the volume of the plant und forming a new ring ^ 

 alburnum from the extremity of the branches ' 

 the extremity of the routs ; and that these rinj 

 or layers of wood indicate the age of the tree. 

 That trees sometimes li>-e for several years 

 ter a good deal of the bark is removed round 

 body of the tree down to the sap wood, there is 

 doubt, and even when that which was once 

 wood has become hard, black and even decayi 

 from exposure to the air, they occasionally niai 

 tain a feeble existence. This I have myself S' 

 in two instances. But if my memory does not 

 tray me,Mr Lowell was as much surprised at 

 fact as I was, and considered it one of those cxli 

 ordinary phenomena which occasionally show thei 

 selves in the vegetable, as well .us in the ani 

 creation. That they are of rare occurrence may 

 I think, be seen by constant facts. 



The new settler intlic woods applies his a.x to thi 

 trees of the forest, taking out a circle or ring of batl 

 and wood as the most ready way of destroying thi 

 trees. The gardener who girdles his vines or hi 

 trees, is cautious not to w:ound the alburnum, fo 

 fear of injuring the branch above the cut. Tt 

 mice in our fields frequently seek their food fioi 

 the bark of yoL'.ng trees which tiiey girdle, and tlj 

 tree dies generally ; and inevitably if the sup woo 

 be eaten off. Now if the sap had its circalatio 

 through the ligneous part of the heart wood of Ih 

 tree, I don't see w-hy eitiior of ihese operutioa 

 should destroy it. 



But suppose llicFC is a porlion of sap carrie 

 thiough tlie lieart and in:-:or woods generally, it I 

 even by Mr Lowell's showing, but a small pci 

 tion, for he admits that it does not pass witi :!i, 

 freely as through the alburnum. — I have i.'i t; 

 article before me that was written by 'Culiivatoi 

 but I do not recollect that he applied the passaji 

 of the sap through the alburnum to prove taat tl 

 disease was not occasioned by the " Scolytus." 

 do not see therefore how Mr Lowell mtans 

 apply his argument, unless he means to show th 

 the sap does not pass through the alburnum, ai 

 therefore could not rupture tiie cellular vessels : 

 described by Duhamel. 



Herbaceous and annual plants are all sap woO' 

 and the circulation may be through the centre^^ 

 these as well as elsewliere — but is it regularly 

 in the old oak, the old elm, the pear and the apj 

 that have attained any size ? The first year of 

 shoot, whether it be from an oak seed or from 

 pear seed, is all sap wood — but as it advances i 

 I age that which was sap, becomes heart wood ; 

 I the channels of circul;:lion are more open and 

 easily passed in the outer coats, and of course 

 I sap makes its way through these more readily 

 I thio' those that are more compact and tough; in 

 I same manner that the sap will push its way thr 

 I the soft and tender bark of a limb wlien obstructe 

 in its natural course, more easily than it will tiin 

 the hard and tougher bark. But if the obstructifl 

 be great, owing to severe heading down, or raM 

 pruning, then the sap, for the want of other cbaJ) 

 nels in sufficient number, will force its way throug 

 the hard thick and rough bark of the tree, ifi^ 

 cover the stem and large branches with suck^ 

 The same thing to a certain degree may take pi|| 

 in a vigorous tree deprived of its alburnum ta. 

 limited extent. — The channels in the heart WM 

 may be still sufficiently open in some trees to aJoM 



%• 'Tf 



