^ 



V No. 28. 



\E>V ENGLAND FARMER. 



219 



in for one year in place of beans, should 



variety be viewed as more eligible. The 



1 begins vvitii suniiner fallow, because it is 



strong deep lands thnt it can bo profitably 



d ; mJ it may go on for a:!y Icngt.'i of tirr.e, 



iig lis the lin 1 can be kopt clean, though 



t 10 stop the moment that the land gets in- 



Dtrary condition. A consi Icrablc qnantity 



ure is required to go on successfully ; per- 



jng should be given to eacli bean crop ; 



this crop is drilled, and attentively horse- 



(Jlj'l ;he rotation may turn out to be one of the 



roStahle that cau be exercised. 



tion for loams and clays. Where it may 



advisable to carry tlic first rotation into ex- 



a different one can be practised ; accord- 



which labor will be more divided, and the 



rains more generally cultivated as, for in- 



:»oiiy 



Fallow, with dung. 



Wheat. 



Beans, drilled and horse-hoed. 



Barley. 



Clover and rye-grass. 



Oats or wheat. 



Beans drilled and horse-hoed. 



Wheat. 

 8 rotation is excellently calculated to insure 

 jundant return through the whole of it, pro- 

 dung is aduiinistered upon the clover stub- 

 Without this supply, the rotation would be 

 lied, and inferior crops of course produced in 

 oncluding years. 

 tion for clays and loams of an inferior des- 

 This rotation is calculated for soils of 

 ferior description to those alreadj' treated of. 



1. Fallow, with dung. 



2. Wheat. 



3. Clover and rye-grass. 



4. Oats. 



5. Beans, drilled and horse-hoed. 

 C. Wheat. 



ording to this rotation, the rules of good hus- 

 !ry are studiously practised, vvliile the sc- 

 ice is obviously calculated to keep the land in 

 S order, and in such a conditiou as to ensure 

 s of the greatest value. If manure is bestow- 

 either upon the clover stubble, or before the 

 as are sown, the rotation is one of the best 

 can be devised for the soils mentioned, 

 otation for thin clays. On thin clay?, gentle 

 bandry is indispensably ni-cessary, otherwise 

 soil may be e.vhausted, and the produce un- 

 alled to the expense of cultivation. Soils of 

 description will not improve much while un- 

 grass ; but, unless an additional stock of ma- 

 •e can be procured, there is a necessity of re- 

 shing them in that way, even though Uie pro- 

 ce should, in the mean time, be comparatively 

 small value. The following rotation is not an 

 proper one. 



1. Fallow, with, dung. 



2. Wheat. 



•3. Grass pastured, but not too early eaten. 



4. Grass. 



5. Gr.'iss. 



6. Oats. 



his rotation may be shortened or lengthened, 

 cording to circumstances, but should never ex- 

 nd further in point of ploughing, than when 

 mg can be given to the fallowbreak. This is 

 e keystone of the whole ; and if it is neglected, 

 e rotation is rendered u.selcss. 



Rotation for peat ciirlli soil,;. Tliose arc not 

 friendly to wlie:it, unless aided by a quumily of 

 ciiicareous matter. Taking ihein in a general 

 point of view, it is not advisable to cultivate wheat, 

 hilt a (TOP of oats may generally be dci)emled upon, 

 provided the previous management has been judi- 

 ciously executed. If the subsoil of poat earth 

 lands he retentive of moisture, the process ouo-lii 

 to commence with a bare summer fallow ; but if 

 such are incumbent on free and open Itottoms, a 

 crop of turnips may bo substituted for fallow ; ac- 

 cording to which method, the surface will got a 

 body which naturally it did not possess. Grass, 

 on such soils, must always occupy a great space 

 of every rotation, because physical circumstances 

 render regular cropping utterly impracticable. 



1. Fallow, or turnips with dung. 



2. Oats of an enrly variety. 



3. Clover, and a considerable quantity of 

 perennial rye-grass. 



1. Pasture for severr.l years, till circumstan- 

 ces permit the land to be broken up, when 

 oats are to be repeated. 

 Rotation for light soils. These are easily manaor- 

 cd, though to procure a full return of the profit 

 which they are capable of yielding, requft-os gen- 

 erally as much attention as is necessary in tlie 



management of those of a stronger description. 



Upon light soils, a bare summer fallow is seldom 

 called for, as cleanliness may be pFftferved by 



growing turnips, and other leguminous articles. 



Grass also is of eminent advantage upon such soils, 

 often yielding a greater profit than what is afford- 

 ed by culmiferous crops. 



1. Turnips. 



2. Spring wheat, or barley. 



3. Clover and rye-grass. 



4. O'lts or wheat. 



This is a fashionable rotation ; but it may be doubt- 

 ed whether a continuance of it for any considera- 

 ble period is advisable, because both turnips and 

 clover are found to fall off when repeated so often 

 as once in four years. Perhaps the rotation would 

 be greatly improved were it extended to eight 

 years, whilst the ground, by such an extension, 

 would be kept fresh and constantly in good con- 

 dition. As for instance, were seeds for pasture 

 sown in the second year, the ground kept three 

 years under grass, broke up for oats in the sixth 

 year, drilled with beans and peas in the seventh, 

 and sown with wheat in the eighth ; the rotation 

 would then be complete, because it included every 

 branch of husbandry, and admitted a variety in 

 management generally agreeable to the soils, and 

 always favourable to the interests of cultivators. 

 The rotation may also consist of six crops, were 

 the land kept only one year in grass, though few 

 situations admit of so much cropping, unless ad- 

 ditional manure is within reach. 



Rotation for s.nndy soils. These, when properly 

 manured, are well adapted to turnips, though it 

 rarely happens that wheat c«n be cultivated on 

 them with advantage, unless they are dressed 

 with alluvial compost, marl, clay, or some such 

 substances as will give a body or strength to them, 

 which they do not naturally possess. Barley, oats, 

 and rye, the latter especially, are, however, sure 

 crops on Bands, and in favourable seasons will re- 

 turn greater profit than can be obtained from wheat. 

 i. Turnips, consumed on the ground. 



2. Barley. 



3. Grass. 



4. Rye or oat;. 



By keeping the luud th-e years in gr;...,, the 

 rotation would be cxtondod to six years, a measure 

 highly advisable. 



These examples are suilicient to ilhistrale the 

 subject of improved rotations ; but as tiie best 

 general scheinea may be sometimes momentarily 

 deviated from with advantage, the same able au- 

 thor adi!s, that " cross cropjiing in some cases may 

 perh.ips be justifiable in practice ; as, for instance, 

 we have seen wheat taken after oats with oreat 

 success, when these oats had followed a clover 

 crop oil rich soil ; but, after all, as a general meas- 

 ure, that mode of cropping cannot be recommend- 

 ed. We have heard of another rotation, which 

 comes almost under the like predicament, though, 

 as the test of experience has not yet been applied, 

 a decisive opinion cannot be pronounced upon its 

 merits. This rotation begins with a bare fallow, 

 and is carried on with wheat, grass for one or 

 more years, oats, and wheat, where it ends. Its 

 supporters maintain that beans are an uncertain 

 crop, and cultivated at great expense ; and that in 

 jno other way will corn, in equal quantity and of 

 I equal value, be cultivated at so little expense, as 

 ac|^rding to the plan mentioned. That the ex- 

 pel^ of cultivation is much lessened, we acknowl- 

 edge, because no more than seven ploughings are 

 given through the whole rotation ; but whether 

 the crops will be of eijual value, and whether the 

 ground will be preserved in equally good condition, 

 are points which remain to be ascertained by ex- 

 perience." — Broicn on Rural Affairs. 



To adopt a judicious rotation of cropping for 

 every soil, requires a degree of judgment in the 

 farmer, which can only be gathered from observa- 

 tion and experience. The old rotations were cal- 

 culated to wear out the soil, and to render it un- 

 productive. To take wheat, barley, and oats in 

 succession, practice very common thirty years 

 ago, was sufficient to impoverish the best of land, 

 while it put little into the pockets of the farmer; 

 but the modern rotations, such as those which we 

 have described, are founded on principles which 

 ensure a full return from the soil, without lessen- 

 ing its value, or impoverishing its condition. Much 

 depends, however, upon the manner in which the 

 different processes are executed, for the best ar- 

 ranged rotation may be of no avail, if the processes 

 belonging to it are imperfectly and unreasonably 

 executed. 



PRESERVATION OF LIVE OAK TIMBER 



Mr White submitted the following resolution to 

 Congress for consideration : 



Resolved, that the Committee on Naval affairs 

 be instructed to inquire into the expediency of 

 providing, by law, for the more effectual preserra- 

 tion of the live oak timber on the public lands ; 

 and further to inquire into the expediency of form- 

 ing plantations for the rearing of live aak for the 

 future supply of that timber for the Navy of the 

 United States. 



" Eveiy one has his day" While the Grand and 

 other Canals are fast-locked in ice and are use- 

 less, the six Rail Roads which diverge from this 

 city, are in full activity, aftbrding numerous ar- 

 rivals daily with the rich products of places, some 

 of them more than 400 miles distant. — The ag- 

 gregate of wealth they furnish and carry back, 

 would not suffer in comparison with the celebrated 

 Albany list ; and we have this advantage, that our 

 roads have been furnished without cost, are in 

 some cases toll-free, and the rest levy very small 

 tolls. [Boston Centinel.) 



