^InEW ENGLAND FARMER . 



I p,.i.ii..i.».i 1.,, 1...... ij u.,o...... ot \T„ K.i M .1. \,i.._i._. ^1. ! n .. ~VT"V. r." ::. r ir 



_ Published by John B. RussKLL at No. M iNorlh Market Street, (opposite Kunueif HalV)!— Thomas gT FESsEKDEM.Editor. 



OL. V. 



BOSTON, FRIDAY, 3IAY 18, 1827. 



No. 43. 



^ R I «1^N A L PAP E R S. 



[by the editor.] 

 THE FARMER'S C.A.RT. 



ot larfre teams and wagons, in rejrard to whicli, I res ami cases to wliich sin'^lc liors, , ,,rs of wa.' 

 says Or Ander.on, the greot object of onmlatioM I oils are not so -vol 1 adapted as the commou ox. 

 seems to bo to try bow an unmcn^c load of trends I carts of Now England, or the hoavy and slron' 

 may be transporli.-d in one carriage without ro- lioise-wagons with wliich loiijr journ^vs are per 



Tard to any other circnuistancc. But this is act 

 rts, like otlier ioiplemcnts, vary in their fo.ins I "'Sr indirect opposition to the best established 

 modes of construction, according to the na- 1 principles of mechanics, of economy and of com- 

 and situation of tiie ro.ids, and many other '"on sense. " 'Die parts of large machines nnist 

 circumstances ; but for the purposes or{ !)e mado so [iroporlionably thicl;, because of th 



formed throughout the United States, ff the 

 roads are narrow, rough ar.J crooked, a string oi 

 row of siii;rIo horse carts, witii but one driver to 

 several of tiiem, might not always preserve n rco'. 

 ular line of march. And if two such strin°s 



ng, those of the single-horse kind are in | largeness of the size on which lliey are construct- should meet in a narrow passage, and some horse-- 

 ■al the most advantageous and useful. TJioiCd, that tlic very weight of the machine itself is a for lack of discretio'n, or a dispo.sition to do ri<rht 

 itago of single horse carts. Lord R. Sey- load "'hicli not only subjects the owner to a groat should refuse to relinquish a portion of the carl 



|- observes, (Ann. Ag. .\.\vii.) are universally | and unnecessary e.vpense m tlic purcliase, but path to the use of the lino which is niovino- in the 

 ttcd, wherever they have been attentively j "'hat is worse, obliges him to bo at a gi'eatc.x- 1 opposite direction, there roust be some clashino- of 



Jiared with carriages of any other description 



ifirso when he acts singly, will do half as much 



work as when he acts in conjunction with 



her ; that is to say that two horses will sepa- 



y do ;!s much woik as tliree conjunctively; 



arises, in the? first place from the single horse 



so near the load he draws ; and in the next 



pcnse for horses to dr^g that unnecessary load tlie claims of cart wheels, and perhaps, entangfin 

 irom place to place. When four or more horcoc "' ' ' ' ■ ■ 



re yoked to a team, three of these horses must 



aliianoos, whicli one would not care to stop to ar- 

 bitrate on, in a raw and gusty day. In bad roadu 

 it is generally necessary that the team should be 

 within the roach of the teamster, for admonition 

 without discipline is sometimes lost on horse-kiiul 

 as well as on mankind. Still, there are many 

 cases in which Iieavy, clumsy land luggers are 



draw horizontally, onJ consequently in a manner 

 inconsistent with their meclianism. 



'■ The itnmenst'Iy large wheels of wagons, .^lso 

 add exceedingly to tlie drauglit of the horses, be- 

 ; from the point or line of draught being so ! cause a U'agon from the slowness of its motion, 



1 below his breast, it being usual to make the obliges the horses to overcome its vis ineW{(r j used, wiiiijh ought to' be supplanted by 'thelio-ii't 



of single horse carts low. A horso bar- every moment they are drawing it. Tliat is, it is craft above recommended; and a small share°ol 



d singly has nothing but his load to contend | the same tinng as putting ;t into a state of motion good sense, too-etlier with our useful hints afore 



iroai a state of rest every moment. .said will point''out such cases to the notice of ali 



' Ihe very great weight of our western country intoUigeiit carmen and wao-oners. 



wagons is well known. Let any one then reflect ^ 



pen the great portion of the horses' strength, SPRUCE BEER. 



, whereas, when he draws in conjunction witii 

 her, he is generally embarrassed by some dif- 

 ice of rate, the horse behind or before Mm 

 ig quicker or slower than himself; he is 

 ise frequently inconvenienced by the great- 

 less height of his neiglibor : these consid- 



whicli is spent in drawing tlie wagon, besides the 

 d which it contains, and which ought to bo ap 



ons give a decided advantage to the single p'''-'^ to support an increase of the latter. V/hy 



e cart. The very great ease with whicli a 

 cart is filled may be added, as a man may load 

 itli the help of a long handled siiovel or fork, 

 leans of his hands only ; whereas in order to 

 . higher cart, not only the man's back, but his 

 3 and whole person must be exerted. To the 

 of single horses in draught there can be no 

 ction, unless it be tl:e supposed necessity of 

 tinnal drivers created by it; the fact however 

 at it has no such efTect ; for horses once in 

 habit of going singly will follow each other 

 niformly and as steadily as they do when bar- 

 ed together: and accordingly we see on the 

 t frcijnentcd roads in Ireland, men conducting 

 e four or five single horse carts each, without 

 inconvenience to the passengers : such, like- 

 ;, IS the case where lime and coal are gcncr- 

 cariied upon pack-horses. In some of llie 

 hern counties of Eritain also, one man ciana- 

 two or three, and scmetiineg more, one-horse 

 s. 



Ir Arthur Young, in the ]8th volume of Iiis 

 lais of Agriculture, states the following di 

 isions of a single horse cart, which he, by tlie 

 of experience, has found to be the most ad- 

 tagpous. ^j' 



Buck — Length, 5 feet 1 inch, 

 Breadth — 3 feet 7 inches. 

 Depth— S feet. 



Cubical feet — 35 and a fraction. 

 )n his farm of ."."iO acres, Mr Voung emploved 

 uch carts, and observed that he would not add 

 re than one to the number 

 )r I'llease, in Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia, 

 iladelphia Edition, says " A predilection has 

 Ig prevailed in England and .\meTica, in favor 



should not each horse draw his own cart? There 

 can be no doubt that four horses v/ith each a prop- 

 erly constructed cart will draw more and with 

 more ease to themselves, than when they are 

 yoked to one wagon. 



" A good horse will draw as a common load 15 

 cwt. of goods, and travel farther in a day than 

 our wagons, and over worse roads, whereas 10 or 

 12 cwt. of burthen is as much as fall to the share 

 of one w.igon horse ; his superior strength being 

 wasted on a cumbrous wheel. 



" Tlie rough roads beyond the mountains may 

 probably prevent the adoption of the plan of one 

 horse carts, but why could not each horse draw 

 his own cart, from the farms in Lancaster county.' 

 " The halter of one horse might bo tied to the 

 cart which goes before it, and by this means one 

 driver would have the whole as much at command 

 as if they were yoked in the chains of a wagon. 

 A horse has also the momentum of his draught in- 

 creased by having a portion of the weight on his 

 back. The e.vpense of turnpike may be increas- 

 ed by the carts, but w«uld not the increased 

 freight more than make up ?" • 



Dickson on Agriculture says in substance, the 

 great superiority of one horse carts is rendered 

 very striking by the fact that two horses with sin- 

 gle horse carts will draw^ as much as three horses 

 with one cart. A common carrier at Carlisle who 

 many years employed a wagon, has laid it aside, 

 and now uses single horse carts only ; as he finds 

 he can, by these means carry much greater 

 weights. 



We think the foregoing observations may sug 

 gest some useful hints to all who have occasion to 

 use wagons cr carts. But there are circumstan- 



vVe are inclined to believe that the followin'v«i., 

 a good reeino for spruce beer. It is copied frsni 

 an English work of reputation. " Chowder be?.- 

 is a provincial phrase of Devonshire, denoting u 

 cheap and easily prepared drink, highly recoin- 

 mended for preventing the scurvy in long voyages, 

 or for th? use of it where it may iiave been con- 

 tracted. It is prepared in the following manner : 

 take twelve gallons of water, in which put three 

 pounds and an half of black spruce ; boil it for 

 three hours, and having taken out the fir or 

 spruce, mi." with the liquor .seven pounds of mo- 

 lasses, and just boil it up ; strain it through a 

 sieve, and, when milk v/arm, put to it about°foui- 

 spoonfuls of yeast to work it. In two or three 

 days stop the bung of the cask, and in five or six 

 days, when fine, bottle it for drinking. If molass- 

 es cannot be proriured coarse sugar wilU answer 

 the purpi^se. 



CONTRACTION IN MECHANICS ; BRIT 

 TLENESS OF GLASS; HARDENING 

 OF Si EEL. 

 The hardness which some bodies acquire incon- 

 sequence of a sudden contraction is a subject well 

 worthy the attention of the inquirer into the laws, 

 which govern the operations of nature. This sud- 

 den hi.rdness and consequent fragility is particu- 

 larly manifested in the cooling of glass and some 

 other metals. Thus glass vessels suddenly cooled 

 after being formed are so very brittle that they 



hardly bear to be touched with any hard body 



The cause of this effect is thus properly explain- 

 ed by Dr. Young ; " Wlien glass in fusion is very 

 suddenly cooled, its external parts become solid 

 first and determine the magnitude of the whole 

 piece ; while it still remains fluid within. The 

 internal part as it coolie is disposed io contract 

 still further, but its contraction is prevented by 



