;i5G 



NEW ENGLAND FAllMER. 



tlic lakes of Cumberland, where it is cauijht in 

 tliC tbllowinor manner : — " The women go into the 

 wal.or bare I'^aged, and after a few leeches have 

 fastened to them, they walk out and pick them 



The following articles are abstracted from Lou- j borhood of London, but the chief supply is from 

 don's Encyclopedia of Agriculture, by the judicious 

 Editor of the Hampshire Gazette : 



SHEEP. 



The sheep is an inhabitant of every part of the 1 ^^^^ 

 globe, from Iceland to the torrid zone. In its wild j 

 state It herds together in small flocks on the open ; 

 plains. In Britain sheep are consi.'.ered of the ' 

 greatest consequence of all the domestic animals, 

 both to the farmer and the nation ; because they 

 can be reared upon soils where othtM- aninials 

 would not live ; and in general afford gre.-iter 

 profit than can be obtained from cattle. Sheep 

 husbandry deserves ^o be esteemed as a chief 

 branch of rural economy. Sheep are more subject 

 to disorders than any of the domesticated animals. 

 The most fatal disorder in England i.^ owin 

 vast numbers of flat worm- 

 bladder. Tlie fly is another formidable enemy ; it 

 lays its eggs on the inner margin of the nose ; and 

 these having become hatched, the larvs or grubs 

 creep up into the skull. In France, the sheplierds 

 apply the trepanning instrument with great dis- 

 natch and success, and thus remove the worms. — 

 The English shepherds have not yet succeeded in 

 tills operation. 



BORING rOK WATER. 



.Tune 1, 162^, 



BIOGRAPHY. 



Skdch of the IJfe of Phillip Emmanuel de . 



herg, fuuader of the celebrated Afrrict^ 



School, at Hoficrjl, Swi'Zfrlaiid. 



This I elebrated Instructor >vas born in : 

 in Swit, erland, in June, 1771. He recej 

 good education, and in the society of his 

 "cut mother, acquired the germ of those an 



6>'0W. 



Snow is formed by the freezing of vnpovs in the 

 atmosphere. Its lightness and whiteness are and philanthropic virtues'of which his who] 

 owing to the small particles into which it is divi- presents so fine an example. His mother 

 ded -."ice when pounded will become equally white. ; grand daughter of the famous Admiral T, 

 Mr Loudon says snow is of great use to vegeta- ^ often inculcated upon her son the e.tcelient 

 bles ; if so, we may expect that the present seas-' im, " That the great have friends enough, bi 

 on will be a fruitful one in New England. Snow tlie friend of the poor " Fellenberg passed 

 does not fertilize land in consequence of the ni- years at Colmar with M. Psessel, and returni 

 trous salts which it contains ; for neither snow nor Switzerlmd, where he iiabituated himself, b_ 

 rain contains any kind of salt or earth insufficient grecs, to a kind of life very austere, notwiths" 

 in the Hve'r "nd"'^al"i" ! quantity to promote vegetation. The agency of ing his feeble liealth, which had forced him I 

 snow as a fertilizer may be ascribed to its furnish- turn to his native country. He afterwards 

 ing a coverme to the roots of vegetables; it keeps eiled over a great part of Swit erland, Fi 

 in the internal heat of the earth which surrounds and Germany, often stopping iu the villag 

 the roots, and defends them from the cold of the j those countries through which he passed, am 

 atmosphere. 



MILLS. » 



Whet* grain ir.ills were first erected on estates 

 in Britain, every tenant was obliged to scud hia 

 o-rain to be ground at the lord's mill, and some 



parts of England. A pipe is inserted into the bore, 

 and the water overflows into a cistern ; in some 

 cases it rises 20 feet above the surface. Mr Lou- 



Tlie process of boring the earth for spring w^er j stipulated to pay toll for th^ whole growth though, 

 lias been practised with great .success m various j it wore sent out of the manor unground. Some-j 



thing of this sort still remains in some parts otj 

 England and Scotland, the proprietors of the man- 

 ors claiming the f.\clusivc right of grinding the 

 don expresses an opinion, that in a great majority | whole of the grain which the inhabitatits of the 

 of situations in Britain and throughout tie world, 

 water may be obtained by boring. Thi- expense 

 of this process is very small in I'ugland ; the char- 

 ges being four pence per foot for the first ten feet, 

 ht pence per foot for the second ten feet; and 



respective parishes or manors require to be ground 

 for their own tfse. But grist mills are now going 

 fast into disuse, and flour mills arc dispersed over 

 almost every part of the kingdom. The people 

 purchase flour instead of grain. In sc;me counties 



so on, increasing four pence per foot at every ad- grain is made iuto flour by windmills ; in others 



ditional ten feet. The auger is turned by manual by water or steam mills. Mr Loudon is an enemy 



labour, and is drawn up by a shaft and windlass, to grist mills and millers. He calls the former 

 As the auger gets deeper, additional lengths of " schools of scandal," and speaks of the " prover- 



iron rod are added to it by means of coupling box- bial rascality of'grist millers." Wc believe, hort - 



es, and a cast iron tube 10 feet long is introduced ever, that millers in this country are as honest 



into the hole and driven down. When the spring and respectable as people of other occupalions. 

 discovers itself, a tin tube is forced down, forming 



one continued pipe from top to bottom. ' beans. 



SNAILS. 



I J»* 



e«t»tl* 

 ,.111 M'l" 



LgllsU) 



[JiiW 



lefelle" 



l,|;ieii' 



der a simple disguise acquired a kno 

 the usages and manners, and especi 

 wants of the inhabitants. Like Howard, his wl 

 happiness consisted in doing good. He passi 

 year near the lake of Zurich in almost pe 

 solitude, ariJ then devoted himself entirely t( 

 instruction of tho people, and the educatioi 

 youth. He was an advocate of those princii 

 which had produced the revolution of 17 

 accepted at Berne, the place of commander of 

 quarter. But as the administration had refusei 

 fullil a promise which it made to the peasant! 

 a cDmmotion which had been excited, he ceai 

 from that time, to exercise any kind of public 

 pioyment, and devoted himself exclusively tc 

 iaiprovemont of agriculture and education. 

 l;iud of Hofvvyl, situated about two leagues 

 Berne, appeared to^bim to be adapted to the 

 which he had in contemplation. He boug! 

 and founded there that admirable establishi 

 which, both as to rural economy and instructi 

 deserves to be considered as a model of all t 

 can be conceived of excellence in th?it kind of ed- 

 ucation. M. de Fellenberg very soon received 

 pupils from all parts of Europe ; but the iuiiabit- 

 ants of this immediate neighborhood were at first 



The bean is said to be a native of Egypt, but unwilling to send their children, and he was oblij 

 One species of snail is not of an unpleasant j lias been cultivated in Europe and Asia, time out j ed to take any he could procure, however vile and 

 flavour, and has been esteemed as an article of { of mind. The best soils for beans arc clays and I low— and from this class he has produced 



strong loams. For field beans the land should be distinguished pupils. He was so fortunate as to 

 deeply plouglied once in the fall,,and t« ice in the j obtain, shortly after the foundation of his school, 



food from early times. It was a favourite dish with 

 the Romans, who had small cncosuresin which 

 they bred and fatted them. They are in great 

 demand at the present day in some parts of Aus- 

 tria, Italy and France. In Vionnn sncks of snails 

 are regularly exposed to sale in the markets — 

 They are fed with cabbage-leaves, bran, meal, &c. 

 About the mildle of last century, they were in- 

 troduced into England, where they h.-.ve greatly 

 increased. The shell figured in Mr Loudon's book 

 is similar in form to that of our common garden 



spring In England the mode of sowing is al- the assistance of a young man, named Vchily, the 

 most always in rows, and a small mixture of peas ■ son of, a schoolmaster, of Theigovia. This 

 is often planted with the beans. The quantity ofi tleman had gone, in 1809, to inform himself of tiic 

 seed allowed is from two to three bushels to the 'system of instruction pursued by Fellenberg, and 

 acre, and the intervals between the rows are so 

 narrow, that the plants cover the ground the lat- 

 ter part of the season. They are usually cut with 

 the sickle and tied in sheaves, but are 'sometimes 

 mown, or pulled up by the roots. The produce 



snail. In Italy, the shell is more than two inches • of beans witli good manao-ement is from 25 to ■>'> 

 in diameter, when full grown. [The B'llletin des { busliels per ucre, but taking Britain at large, a 

 Sciences says the city of Ulm formerly sent down good average crop does not exceed 20 bushels. — 

 the Danube more than four millions of snails per A crop of 80 bushels has been raised on an acre, 

 annu.m. They were fattened in the gardens in j It does not appear from Mr Louiion's work, that 

 the vicinity of that city, and were consumed ii, | the British know any thing about baked beans. — | forty-three : they obey him as well as M. de Fcl- 



wns so iTiuch struck with the sekool of induatrij, 

 that he immediately offered the services of his 

 son, then about eighteen, who entered into the 

 spirit of the founder, and devoted himself assidu- 

 ously to the undertaking. He associated with 

 the pupils — lived with them — played with them — 

 and worked with them — became, in short, their 

 teacher, their playmate, and their 'friend. "The 

 number of pupils, (sa^s Simond, who saw the in- 

 titution in I8I3,) has increased successively to 



the A'lstrian convents, in the long fast of Lent.] 



LEECHES. 



The medical leech, well known for its use in 

 oleeding, is bred in shallow ponds, in the neigh- 



He says beans are mostly given to horses, hog 

 and other animals. In Scotland tliey are some- 

 times made into meal and bread. Wlien hogs are 

 fed with them the meat becomes verv hard. 



lenberg, entirely from love and a sense of duty." 

 Fellenberg, like Pestalo /y.i, had many difiiculties 

 to encounter and surmount. His motives were 

 impeached — he was, at first, set down as a vision- 



