Vol. 1.— No. 3. 



AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 



21 



deprived of all their strength. By this pro. 

 cess, the fine flavor of the new coffee is not 

 dissipated by boiling, and by tne after boiling 

 all the extract is obtained. This is not only 

 an economical method,but we will assure thoso 

 who feel disposed to try it, the pleasure o' 

 drinking coffee in great perfection. 



WHEAT. 



As wheat is the staple article of this sec. 

 :ion of our country, we cannot take too much 

 "pains in selecting those varieties which have 

 the most good qualitios. It may be difficult to 

 determine what kinds of wheal will succeed 

 best, under all circumstances, in different parts 

 of our country. In one part, the wheal may 

 winter-kill ; in another, be destroyed by the 

 Hessian fly ; in a third, be tut off by rust.— 

 But we are highly favored in this region ; the 

 two first ore misfortunes which rarely happen, 

 and the third only in unfavorable seasons.— 

 When those points are disposed of, ihe inqui- 

 ry will be, which kind produces inost.and which 

 sells best in market. With regard to the first, 

 much difference of opinion prevails, but all a- 

 gree that the wheat known in this market by 

 the name of white flint, bears a higher price 

 than any other kind, by about two conts per 

 bushel. For several years past, there has 

 jeen an universal uompiaintagainst this wheat, 

 " that it was very difficult to thresh;" but ow- 

 ing to the introduction of threshing machines, 

 tint complaint has ceased, and the very quali- 

 ty which was condemned before, has now be- 

 come one of its recommendations, that is, it 

 Joes not shell in harvesting. It is proper to 

 observe, that wheat threshed by a machine, 

 conies into market in better conJihon than 

 that threshed either by horses or by the flail. — 

 3y the former method, the white caps are got 

 rid of, but by the two latter methods it is Very 

 litlicult to separate all of ihctn, especially 

 when the wheat happens to be a little shrunk. 

 There is another advantage in using threshing 

 machines. It'often happens that a crop of 

 wheat, good in oilier respects, has a small 

 quantity of smut in it: by threshing Buch wheal 

 ;n a machine when it is dry, the smut grains are 

 broken in pieces and carried off by the wind 

 from the machine. This U well worth the at- 

 tention of farmers, as we have seen wheat 

 sold the past season in our market for one 

 third less than it would have been worth had 

 t been free from tiie smut. We are not a- 

 ware that any perfect antitode has been found 

 jgainst this disease in. wneat ; every variety, 

 and every country are mom or less subject to 

 il ; and among the preventives, to prepare 

 the ground icM, ami sow in scaso7i, may be 

 counted the best. The following observation 

 by Loudon, are well worth attention. " In 

 making a choice from all the species and vari. 

 sties which we have named, the thin skinned 

 while wheats are prefered by alltbe best British 

 farmers, whose soil and climate are suitable 

 for this grain, and for sowing in autumn. In 

 iate situations, and'less favorable soils and cli- 

 mates, the red varieties are generally made 

 choice of; and those are also generally prefer- 

 red for sowing in the spring. Red wheats, how- 

 ever, are considered at least fifteen per cent less 

 valuable than the white varieties. Hence, the 

 only recommendations we can give as to the 

 choice of sub-varieties, is, to select the best 



from among chose in use by the best farmers, 

 in tho given situation, or nearest well cultiva- 

 ted districts." Tho manures best calculated 

 for wheat, are allowed by all agricultural che" 

 mists, to be animal matters and lime. The 

 former has a direct influence in supplying that 

 essential constituent to wheaten flour, gluten ; 

 and the latter, azote and lime, both artually 

 found in the straw of the wheat. \l all e- 

 vents, it is certain, wheat will not thrive on any 

 soil that does nut contain lime. In this. Sir H. 

 Davy, Chaptal, Professor Thaer, Grisenth- 

 waite, fully agree. 



METEOROLOGY. 



Meteorology, in its common acceptation, sig- 

 nifies the doctrine, or history, of the appear- 

 ance and causes of meteors. But in Physical 

 Geography, its signification is far more extend- 

 ed. It is here applied to the explanation of 

 all atmospheric phenomena. In its wide ringe 

 are comprehended, not only the theory of me- 

 teorites, but also of the Aurora Borealis, and 

 all the splendid phenomena of thunderstorms. 

 It embraces, more especially, the physical con- 

 stitution and laws of the all-pervading medium 

 in which we subsist : filling all space, and ex- 

 tending to the astonishing height of forty-five 

 miles. Within this medium, there occurs 

 most of the changes in the forms of matter, 

 with which we are acquainted; and without 

 its prevalence, all animated nature would soon, 

 er or later lie in devastating ruins. All insects 

 must breath it. and all vegetation imbibe it, or 

 wither, droop, and die. Then what is it, in 

 which are wrought most of the wonders of cre- 

 ation, that are cognizable by our senses : and 

 how does it enable life to subsist : matter to 

 assume new forms, and divest itself of tho 

 old: and how is it possible to explain all the 

 phenomena of heat and cold, the density or 

 rarity of the air, to measure its whole weight, 

 or a portion of it, its height, moisture, and 

 dryness ; the causes of rain, hail, snow, dews, | 

 and fogs; the electrical phenomena, Aurora 

 Bortalis, rain-bows, the azuro sky; light, its 

 combinations and properties ; heat, and the 

 oiusi s of combustion, solar aud culinary tiro, 

 and the phenomena of burning glasses? be- 

 sides a gr~at variety of others, the mere men- 

 tion of which, together with the little that is 

 known of the causes producing them, no doubt, 

 often paralizes any efforts in the field of dis- 

 covery, and deadens well directed and anima. 

 ted ambition. The only rational answer to 

 such inquiries, is, do all that can be done by 

 you, and leave for future generations, your le- 

 gacy, and the investigation of what, by you. 

 was inexplicable. When you reach the veil, 

 beyond which no man has ever penetrated, 

 then, theorize, or even speculate ; and when 

 your theories and speculations, which, per. 

 haps may amount to no more than a unit in 

 themselves, shall come to be compared with a 

 thousand others, the tota 1 , or aggregate, shall 

 abundantly corroborate your suspicions, aud 

 thereby unfold new treasures to an astonished 

 and admiring world. 



In this manner.and with very few exceptions, 

 has science been indebted for all that adorns 

 the page of history, and contribotes to the 

 comfort and happiness of society. 



Wilh these preliminaries, it is easy to see 



the intention and usefulness of meteoric ob- 

 servations, even the limited ones that our know- 

 ledge, and means of obtain ing them.shall enable 

 us to make. In academies of science,great at- 

 tention has ever been paid to meteorology, and 

 tho facilities for accurate and extended observ- 

 ations, must far exceed any thing that at pres- 

 ent we can hope for. Nevertheless, we feel 

 assured, that such as we shall make, will claim 

 and receive all the consideration merited. We 

 moraover request, that, should they fall into 

 the hands of any Meteorologist, they may be 

 critically reviewed, and that inaccuracies', or 

 omissions may be laid before the public in such 

 shape as to present to us the proper correction. 

 This we solicit the more ardently and cheer- 

 fully, as we have no knowledge that any ob- 

 servations have hitherto been made, in this 

 whole district of country; and being the first, 

 also, ever made by ourselves, we desire them 

 to be correct ; and as it is proposed to extend 

 them to a lengthy series, an abundance of time, 

 and a fair opportunity, will thereby be afford- 

 ed, for every necessary correction and addi- 

 tion. 



It will readily be perceived, that these ob- 

 servations will strengthen, confirm, or over- 

 throw any preconceived opinions concerning 

 the humidity or dryness, the rarity or density 

 of our atmosphere, and the sudden alterations, 

 and vicissitudes, or evenness of temperature, 

 to which this climate and country are exposed; 

 and from them, when compared with others, in 

 this, or foreign countries, may be deduced the 

 probable effect of these circumstances upon 

 life, health, and longevity, as well as upon ve- 

 getation in general. 



We commence with the indications of the 

 Thermometer, Barometer, and Pluvimeter, or 

 Rain Guage. Inserting, in cjnnection, tho 

 condition of winds, and state of the weather, 

 at the periods of observation ; leaving for the 

 reader to make such inferences from the facts, 

 as may suggest themselves to him: as, perhaps, 

 at what temperature and pressure of the at- 

 mosphere, and what the direction of the wind, 

 when rain, hail, or snow is falling, &c. &c. 



We shall presently connect with these, ob- 

 servations on the moisture and dryness of the 

 air, to be measured with the Centigrade Hy- 

 grometer of Sausome. We hope, also, as this 

 instrument can only nurk the rc(a(irc moisture, 

 to bo able to present the actvnl quantity of 

 moisture in a given quantity of air, at the times 

 of observation, and also the point of deposi- 

 tion, at each period of rain or snow, as well 

 as the relative force and progression of winds. 

 Tiie inquiry, how fast does evaporation take 

 place at tiie surface of the earth, and on the 

 surface of tiie water, al given temperatures, 

 and tables connected therewith, and formed 

 upon such observations, would affird much in- 

 formation, and gratify curiosity- 



At sunrise, yesterday morning, the 10th, tho 

 thermometer stood at 5 dg. al'ove Zero, and in 

 three hours rose to 20 or to 25 dg. above Ze- 

 ro. Since that time the wind has performed a 

 complete revolution, and at this time, Tuesday 

 the 11th, 10 o'clock A. M. snow begins to fall, 

 while the thermometer stands at43dg., or 11 

 dg. above the freezing point. We would 

 merely ask, is it not singular, that while heat- 

 ed, or warm air, has a strong inclination up- 

 ward, there should still be present in the upper 



