Vol. 1.— No. 3. 



AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 



23 



THE STEAM ENGINE 



The name of ihe Steam Engine, to most 

 persons, brings the idea of a machine of the 

 most complex nature, and hence intelligible 

 only to those who will devole much time to 

 the study of it. 



Bui he that can understand a common 

 pump ma) understand a steam engine, h is 

 in fac; only a pump, in nliscli the .]oid is made 

 to impel the piston, instead of being impelled 

 by it, that is to say, the fluid jets as V.«i power 

 instead of being the resistance. It may be de 

 scribed simply as a >) long barrel or cylinder. 

 with a closely fitted piston in it, v. hich is driv- 

 en upanddown by steam admitted alternately 

 from above and below from a suitable boiler ; 

 while the end of the piston rod, at which the 

 whole force may be considered to be concen- 

 trated, is connected in any convenient way 

 with the work that it is to be performed. 



The potver of the engine is of course pro- 

 portioned to the i v/.i of i he piston, and the den 

 sity of ihe steam; iliat is, if the area of the 

 piston be equal to one hundred square inches, 

 and the density of the steam equal to twenty 

 pounds on the square inch, then the whole 

 loice against the piston will be two thousand 

 pounds — In some ol tii« nines of Europe 

 there are cylinders and pistons on more than 

 ninety inches in diameter, of which the pres- 

 sure of steam equals the effort ol six hundred 

 horses. The mechanical properties of steam 

 are precisely like those of common air, hence 

 any person, who is familiar with experiments 

 in pneumatics, will readily see how the elastic 

 force of the steam is capable of moviug the 

 pislon, in the cylinder of a steam engine; and 

 how by attaching a lever or oth.;r contrivao 

 ces to the piston rod, motion may be communi- 

 cated to pumps, mills, &c. 



Those who are not familiar with such ex- 

 periments may iry lor themselves the follow- 

 ing : Take a goose quill, and a slice of poUtoe, 

 press on one end of the quill ou the potaioe. 

 and cut out a pi. ce which will be lef. in the 

 quili; this may be blown by the breath to a 

 considerable distance, or it may be pushed 

 backward and forward in the quill, in imitation 

 of the piston of a steam engine. 



The steam after leaving the cylinder, is 

 sometimes allowed to escape into Ihe open air ; 

 tins is called the high pressure engine, on ac- 

 count ol the force of steam required to act a- 

 gainst the pressure ol the atmosphere. 



In other engines the steam escapes from the 

 i Cylinder into a vessel, kept cool by being sur 

 Vouoded wild cold water. Here the force of 

 steam is instantly destioyed; so that a vacuum 

 is kept up, on one side of the piston, while the 

 whole force of the steam presses on the other 

 side. This is called the low pressure, or con 

 densing engine • 



It is not an easy task to describe the manner 

 in which the steam is made to act alternately 

 at top and bottom of the piston, wtthouta dia- 

 gram, nor even with one. unless some parts 

 are moveable. A leal model of a steam en- 

 gine, besides being very expensive and many 

 of the parts hid from sight, is not easily mana- 

 ged by ihose whose business it is to teach In 

 consideration ol the dilliculties, a model has 

 been contrived, which is not very expensive, 

 and easily managed. Bv this, a correct idea 

 of the most essential pai'ls of ihe steam engine 

 may be easily obtained. — Education Reporter. 



TORTABLE GAS. 



We were shown on Saturday a portable 

 gasometer, of the capacity of 7.1 pints, in which 

 were condensed 14 gallons of gas, a quantity 

 which it is said might be increased to 30 or 

 even 60 gallons. The proprietor, Mr. Joseph II alarm to tire citizens. 



Boston, No. 7, Wall street, is confident that 

 with this contrivance he can furnish a better 

 light than that which is alHirded by the usual 

 method, and at the same price. — Jour of Com. 



VALUABLE RECIPE. 



When a crack is discoversd in a stove, thro' 

 which the fiie or smoke penetrates, the aper- 

 ture may be cempletely closed in a moment 

 with a composition consisting of wood, ashes, 

 and common salt, mndo into paste with a little 

 water, plaistered over the crack. The good 

 effect is equally certain, whether tho stove, 

 &c. be cold or hot. 



IMPRLVED STOCK. 



Extract of a letler from a gentleman in Washington, 

 Pa. to lire Editor of tlio N. England Farmer. 



"I own a fine bull by Denton, purchased 

 some years ago from John Hare Powell, Esq. 

 This animal has made a grerit change in our 

 slock. His calves are large, well formed, and 

 j promise to make valuable animals for the dai- 

 ry. They discover a great disposition to fat. 

 and with ordinary beep,his calves ot G months 

 old, weigh from f> to 000 lbs. — yearlings, 7 to 

 800 lbs. — and we have heifers of 3 years old, 

 13 to 1300 lbs. live weight." 



Premiums. — At a meeting of the Trustees 

 of the Middlesex Agricultural Society, held in 

 Concord, Mass. on Wednesday, the 29th nit. 

 the following premiums were awarded : 



To Nathan Brooks, of Acton, for 36 1-2 

 bush, six quarts of Rye, from one acre and 5 

 rods. $15,00 



To Richard Hall, of Littleton, 2144 lbs. of 

 Hops, first quality, from 148 rods, $10,00. 



Newspapers in the Stale of ./Veto York. 

 An extract from Mr. Williams's forthcoming 

 State Register for 1831, gives thenumberof 

 Newspiper-6 in this state at 234, of which about 

 70 are favorable to the present Administration, 

 and 80 against it; 46 of the latter number are 

 And- Masonic. In Putnam and Rockland 

 counties only, no papers are published. 



In the city of New York, tbere are 51 pa- 

 pers of all kinds; daily 11, semUweekly 10, 

 weekly 24, monlhlj 5, semi monthly 1. There 

 are supposed to be 16 000 da:ly sheets pub- 

 lished, 18,000 semi weekly.and 50.000 weekly. 

 The whole number of papers printed in ihe 

 city in a year, is supposed to be 9,536,000 — 

 in the whole state, 14,536,000. Tbe paper 

 consumed by the journals of the State, in a 

 year, is estimated at above 33.000 reams, and 

 the cost of it, $4 a ream, g 132.000 



To the editor of the jirgus. dated 



Washington Jan. 7. 



" Dear Sir- -The friends of Mr Monroe, I 

 fear, may abandon all hope of obtaining the 

 passage of his bill. Mr. Williams, of North 

 Carolina, this day made a speech against it, in 

 the course of which he entered fully into the 

 merits and dements of the claim He did 

 this, he said, to vindicate congress for voting 

 against it. 



" The senate is still engaged as a high court 

 of impeachment tor the trial of Peek. It is 

 probable that, the testimony on the part of the 

 respondent will be closed by Monday or tues- 

 day' and the counsel will then sum up. 



METEOROLOGICAL, TABLE, 



far the week ending Jan. 14,1831. 



Thcr 



Baromet'r i 



24 30,00 



8 99,68 



23 1 99,55 



28 89,30 



90l 15 99,81 



99.75 >( 

 29,58|m e 

 99.45IW 

 99,4(1 » 

 2(1,90 n a> 

 99,90 n w 



Observant 



linchsnou 



1320, 5 3U.00 

 14|l€l|7i3J),80ti>9,08!s 



XT The Barometrical and Thermometrical observa- 

 tions are registered at 10 o'clock J M. and P. M.,tchick 

 by a long series of experiments made for the purpose, 

 show (hnt time to give the nearest mean average of the 

 relative keat of a day than any other time- 



The coldest day at sunrise this week was (he lOlh— ."> 

 degrees above Zero. 



ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. 

 Jan 21, 1831. 



Ashes per 2240 lbs Mink 12a31 



Pot, $91a92 50 Raccoon lPa3I 



Pearl 100ol02 50 Martin 25a62 



Apples per bushel 25o44 Fisher 37a50 



Do dried 75 Wild Cat 16a23 



Bristles.coinb'd per In Wa'31 Gray Fox 18a25 



Beoswax do )8a20 'JrassSeed per bush 62 



0al2 Hops per lb 12o!5 



$Ni9 Honey do 



■'•a' Lard do 



50o62 



Butter do 



Beef— Mess per bbl 



Do prune do 



Do fresh per lb 

 Barley per bushel 

 Beans do 

 Candles, mould per lb 9 cts 



Do dipped do 8 



Do sperm do 28 



Corn per buBhel 44«50 



Cheese per lb 04a05 



CloverSeedper bush $J 00 

 Flour per bbl 4 50a4 75 



Flax per lb 07a08 



Flax Seed per bush 78o87 

 Feathersper lb 31a37 



Furs— Otter I00a400 



Fox, red 50o75 



0Sfflfi3iMuttondo 



09 



0Ga07 

 02fl03 



3e<«44iMustardSeed per bush $4 



Fox, cross 



Oats per bush 



Old Pewter, Brass and 



Copper per ib 14 



Peaches, dry'dbush 100^200 

 Pork, mess per bbl $ 12a 13 



lOOa^OOiBuckwhest flour, cwt. $1 7f> 



BANK NOTE TABLE. 



Corrected Weekly for the Rochester Daily Advertiser. 

 BV C W.. DUNDAS. 



COLONIZATION. 



The praiseworthy spirit on this subject 13 

 extending its march. A meeting was to be 

 held on Tuesday evening Jast at the middle 

 Dutch church, N. Y. for the purpose of organ- 

 izing a society in furtherance of (he object of 

 Emancipation and African Colonization. Not 

 only humanity demands our exertions towards 

 the furtherance of this object ; but the future 

 welfare of a portion of our union is closely 

 coonected with its success. The colored po 

 puiation of some of the Southern States is al 

 ready becoming a matter of deep anxiety and 



NEW YORK. 



All banks in tin* state, par 

 except the following 

 BrokenBanhs. Washing- 

 ton & Wairen, Barker's Ex 

 change, Franklin Bank,Mid 

 die iir-t , Columbia, Greene 

 County, Marble Hanuf. Co., 

 Plattsburgh, and Niagara. 

 MASSACHUSETTS. 

 Al banks id this state, par. 

 except the following 

 Broken Banks Fanners 

 b'uk of Belchertown, Sutton. 

 Berkshi>e, Essex and Brigh- 

 ton banks. 



VERMONT. 

 All banks in this state, par. 



RHODE-ISLAND 



All banks in this state, par, 



except the following 



Broken Banks Farmers' 



Exchange, and Tamers' & 



Mechanics' banks. 



CONNECTICUT. 

 AH brinks in this state, pan 

 except the fellowiug 

 Broken Banks. Eagle, 

 Eagle pay'ble atUnion bank 

 New-York, Derby, aod Der- 

 by payable at Fulton haul* 

 New- York. 



NEW- HAMPSHIRE. 

 All banks in this state, per. 



MAINE. 

 All banks in (his state, par.\ 



amaquoddy banks. 



NEW-JERSEY. 

 State b'nk.&TrentoP Bank- 

 ing Company, par. 

 Al! other banks, 2 per cent, 

 except the following 

 Broken Banks. Salein & 

 Phil. iUanuf.Co-. Monmouth, 

 Hoboken and Grazing Co., 

 N. Jersey Mauuf. & Banking 

 Co- at Hoboken, State Bank 

 at Trenton, Protection and 

 Lombard, and Jersey City. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



Philadelphia Banks, par- 



11 other banks, 2per cent, 



except the following 

 Broken Banks. Farmers' 

 ^Mechanics' atN.Sa., Cen- 

 tre, Huctington, Meadville, 

 Marietta, Juniata, Greencas- 

 tle, Bedford, Beaver, Wash- 

 ington, Uniontown, Agricul- 

 tural, Sil Lake, Westmore- 

 land at Greenburgh, New- 

 Hops Bridge Co new emis- 

 sion} and Browrtvi He banks. 



OHIO. 

 All banks, 4 to G per cent, 



MICHIGAN. 



All banks, 2 per cent, 



except the following 



Broken Banks. Monroe, 



and Detroit. 



CANADA. 

 All banks, 2 to 3 per cent, 

 except the 



except the following 

 Broken Bunks. Castmej Upper Cana. at Kingston, 

 VViscasset, Hallowell &. Au- and Unchartered banks. 

 gusta, Kennebec, and Pas-| 



XT The above table re/ten speaking of foreign Bills, re 

 fers to those of $5, and over, asnone of a less denomin- 

 ation are receivable. 



f Errata. 



3d column, 1st page, 4th line from top, for 



the same" read that Some. 



1st column, 4th page, 7th and 8th lines from 

 bottom, for " top of them of wood," read tops 

 thin of wood. 



