Vol.1.— No. 14 



AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL,. 



107 



merit of the amount, together with the manner 

 of culture, &c. of one acre of onions, the 

 growth of 18-iO. The quality of the soil is a 

 yellow loam, and has bain cultivated with 

 onions several years. In 1829. it was sown 

 as usal with onions, without any dressing, and 

 produced between 400 and 500 bushels. The 

 2d of December last, after tho crop was off, 

 there were 3 1-2 cords of burn manure plough- 

 ed in, in ridges. The 21st and 22d of April 

 following, the land was ploughed and harrow- 

 ed, and two and a half pounds of seed was 

 sown in drills about 14 inchos apart. The first 

 hoeing and weeding was done June 11th, which 

 cost five days' labour. The 2d was July 2d, 

 four days more ; the last weeding was done 

 the 22d, which cost four do. 



They were harvested early in October, and 

 between 9.000 and 10,000 bunches have been 

 bunched, which, estimating 15 bunches to tho 

 bushel, (each bunch weighing 3 1-2 pounds, is 

 a fair calculation,) together with those that 

 have been lopped and sold by the bushel, there 

 were 657 bushels. Joseph Perkins. 



Newbury, Nov. ISM, 1830. 



NOTICE ON THE MODE OF CULTIVATING THE 

 MULBERRY IN PASTURE GROUNDS. 



By M. Bonafous, of Turin. Read before the 



Royal Society of Agriculture, of Lyons, 1828. 



Translated. 



If the great number of Mulberry trees to be 

 seen in the above department, testify the use 

 ful influence of this Institution on all ugricul- 

 tors, it is hoped they will consider and try an- 

 other mode of raising and propagating still 

 more that plant. 



This mode, which I submit to the Society, 

 is practised in China, and I understand also in 

 one of the states of North America, in which, 

 the culture of silk is an object of considerable 

 industry : there, in the spring, they sow their 

 seed in a well prepared ground, in drills, or by 

 broad cast ; and next year they mow the young 

 plant, and obtain successively as much foliage 

 as is necessary to feed their silk worms, until 

 the plant becomes stunted stock, and then they 

 sow on another piece of ground for the ensu- 

 ing year. (These mulberry stocks and roots 

 could, by proper process, be made an excel- 

 lent material for manufacturing an excellent pa- 

 per. Chinese-like, much esteemed by copper- 

 plate engravers.) Thiscropcan be daily made, 

 except after very dry weather, in different por- 

 tions of the ground, and each plant will bear to 

 be topped three times at least before the 

 mounting of the silk worms. 



This method, however, should be subjected 

 to such modification as the variableness or vi- 

 cissitude of the climate must require. Per- 

 haps it would bo hotter to sow iu the latter 

 part of the summer than in the spring, and also 

 to gather and dry carefully the foliage before 

 using it — also to sow in drills, which might be 

 replenished, instead of broad cast. The fol- 

 lowing would be the advantages of this meth- 

 od : 



1st. To gather leaves without labour er ex- 

 pense. 



2d. To employ a muoh smaller piece of 

 ground than what it takes for any quantity of 

 silkworm. 



3d. To be able in the course of one year, to 

 raise the mulberry foliage, the silkworm, and 

 to reel the silk. 



4th. To protect the young plants against 

 rain or moisture by the means of a transporta- 

 ble awning. 



5th. To enable tenants as well as proprie- 

 tors of ground to secure every year a crop of 

 silk. 



6th. To proportionate at each season the 

 quantity of silk' I o the demand of the market, 

 or ef the manufactures. 



It is thought highly important thus to invite 

 the attention of silk culturists in ascertaining 

 what ground would be more productive, that 

 which is apportioned for grains or any kind of 

 the cereals, ir for grass ; and especially wheth- 

 er the probable greater moisture of mulberry 



foliage thus raised, than that from our trees, 

 can alter the quality, the fineness, or the beauty 

 of silk, so as to undervalue its price. 



Persuaded of the general utility o c those 

 subjects of inquiry, I beg leave to deposit in 

 the hands of your treasurer, and at the dispo- 

 sal of the Royal Academy, the sum of tn 



be distributed in shares or prizes of encour- 

 agement to any culturist who will oommuni- 

 cale the result of his experience on these dif- 

 ferent points, provided they bo judged woithy 

 of your approbation and encouragement. 



N. B. Any quality of fresh white mulberry 

 seed can be had at No. 71 Liberty street, and 

 179 Broadway, New York. Translated by 

 F. Pascalis. 



IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE. 



The life of republicanism is committed to 

 the owners and cultivators of the soil. If they 

 indulge expensive habits, involve their inter- 

 ests, eat and wear out their farms, they are not 

 the farmers to whom the Genius of Libeitv 

 looks for the perpeiuity of our civil institu- 

 tions : her trust is in those who live like far- 

 mers, increase in substance, perpetuate in their 

 families their own habits, & keep above& inde- 

 pendent of ihe men ol the learned professions. 

 By and by we shall have professorships of agri- 

 culture in our chief literary institutions, making 

 farming a science in fact, as it now is only in 

 name ; and then, but not till then, will husband- 

 ry be duly honored as a business, honored by 

 all men, ministering to the wants of all. That 

 man, whoever he may be, who first unites the 

 energies of art and science, practical with sci- 

 entific agriculture, field farming, with book 

 farming, and founds a school of scientific ag- 

 riculture and experimental farming, for the ed- 

 ucation of the youth of ihis Republic, will 

 perform a service of more importance to his 

 country, to pure religion and to his God, than 

 the founder of a hundred Schools of Theolo- 

 gy. — Spujford's Gazetteer of New Yorle—ji. 564. 



POMOLOGY. 



Prom Prince's Pomological Manual. 



ROUSSELETTE DE RHE1MS. 



PR CAT. DUH. ' 



This fruit is also pyriform, about two and a 

 quarter inches in height, and twenty lines in 

 diameter, the eye is large and even with fruit, 

 the stem is eight or ten lines in length ; the 

 skin is green on the shade side, but becomes 

 yellowish at perfect maturity, the sun side at- 

 tains a brownish red hue, and is entirely cover- 

 ed with greyish dots. The flesh is half melting, 

 musky, enriched by a peculiar perfume, which 

 imparts an excellent taste. In fact this fruit 

 has the same flavor as our far-famed Seckel, 

 (ofwhich.it is undoubtedly the paront,) though 

 in a less degree, and the growth of the tree also 

 bears much affinity to that of our well known 

 favorite, but Ihe shoots are longer and grow 

 more vigorously. The seeds are large and 

 brown, and the fruit ripeDs the beginning of 

 September. It is much better on standard 

 trees than on espaliers, but does not grow so 

 large and the trees can be readily propagated 

 on bo'h pear and quince stocks; and when 

 they have attained to a suitable age for bear- 

 ing, they yield abundant crops. 



WINTER ROUSSELET. 

 Pr. cat. Mil. For. 

 The fruit is pyriform, and two inches in 

 height by eighteen lines in diameter. The 

 eye is even with the extremity of the fruit, 

 and the stem, which is six or eight hues in 

 length, is inserted in a small cavity. The skin 

 is greenish on tho shade side, and brownish 

 red on that next the sun, the flesh is half-brea- 

 king, tolerably juiey.and of rather a rich taste ; 

 the seeds are round, short, and of a light brown 

 color, and the fruit is at maturity in February 

 and March The tree is of very thrifty growth, 

 and succeeds on both pear an I quince. Mil- 

 ler remarks lhat this pear is by some supposed 

 to be the same as that called the Dry Martin, 

 but that it is very different. 



GREAT ROUSSELET. 

 Pr. cat For. 



This pear is two inches and nine lines in 

 height, and six lines less in its diameter, with 

 a stem sixteen to eighteen lines in length, which 

 is often implanted in a little cavity encompass- 

 ed by swellings or projections. The skin is 

 green on the shade side, and brownish red 

 next the sun, dotted all over with small grey 

 points. The flesh is half-breaking, perfumed 

 somewhat acid, and of agreeable taste. The 

 seeds are elongated, and the fruit ripens at 

 the end of August or first part of September. 

 The growth of the tree is vigorous, and it is 

 propagated with equal facility on the quiice 

 as on the near. — 



BRITISH RUSSET. Auth. 



This fruit is turbinate, and flattened at flat- 

 head, where the eye is placed in a pretty deep 

 cavity, and the stem is also inserted with a 

 depression. The flesh is white, utmost mell- 

 ing, with a partially acid fUvor, and possesses 

 a taste somewhat resembling that of the Cra- 

 sanne. [t ripens in October and November, 

 and the tree is vigorous. This variety, which 

 is thus described in Duhatnel, as different from 

 the other pears cultivated in France, may no 

 doubt (if carried from England) be synony- 

 muos with some ono of the English pears do 

 scribed in their standard works. A pear has 

 been recently imported into this country un- 

 der the title given as the last synonwne, which 

 I have thought it might probably refer to the 

 same fruit, and 1 consequently subj uned it 

 with an expression of doubt; lime not having 

 yet elapsed sufficient for the necessary investi- 

 gation. — 



MUSCADELLE. N. Dun. 



This French Muscadclle pear is a small fruit, 

 seventeen or eighteen lines in breadth, and of 

 nearly the same height, which renders it al- 

 most globular ; but occasionally it is pyriform, 

 being twenty lines in height, and about seven- 

 teen in diameter, at tho largest part ; but what 

 most characterizes it, is, that the eye placed in 

 a regular formed cavity is always naked, in 

 consequence of the divisions of the calyx fall- 

 ing off, which iu general remain stationary on 

 other sons of pears, but which, in this case, 

 fall at an early period, or at any rate before the 

 maturity of the fruit. The peduncle, which is 

 thirteen or fourteen lines in length, is generally 

 inserted somewhat laterally, and in a slight cavi- 

 ty, at one side of which is a partial projection ; 

 the skin is greenish for the most part, with a 

 light tinge of russet only next the sun ; the 

 flesh has some firmness, and is enriched' with 

 a small degree of pleasant musk flavor. The 

 seeds are light brown, and the fruit ripens in 

 July or early in August. 



LARGE MUSCADEL. Auth. 



This second French variety t f the Musca- 

 delle does not appear to differ from the prece- 

 ding, except m its turbinate form, and its pe- 

 duncle, which is shorter and larger, and its eye 

 on which the segments of the calyx are com- 

 monly persistent. In relation to other points, 

 its size can scarcely be deemed any larger ; the 

 skin is often the same colour, ihe taste and flq- 

 vor similar and it ripens at the same period, 

 PERFUMED. Pr. Cat. For. 



This is a small fruit, neaily pyriform, very 

 much swollen at the base, and terminating 

 pretty regularly in a truncale or obtuse point 

 at the stem, which is eighteen lines in length, 

 and somewhat fleshy at its junction with the 

 fruit, the skin is lemon colour, delicately tou- 

 ched wiili fawn colour on the shade side, and 

 a fine deep red.doued over with yellow points 

 on the side exposed to ihe sun ; the flesb is 

 highly musky and quite juicy; the seeds are 

 small, well perfected and of "a brown huo, ami 

 the fruit ripens in August as its name indicates. 

 The tree is productive, and succeeds on both 

 quince and pear Btockg. 



Miller describes his Perfumed pear differ, 

 ently from the foregoing and probably does 

 nol lefer to the same fruit ; he quotes ToSrn-. 

 th'jrefor, and refers to no other aulhor. 



