®l)c Jfavmcv's iWontljly tUsitor. 



19 



iture should be at HO degrees. A tempe- 

 •ature belovv 35 deg.'will prevent the cream from 

 ting or ri ing in any considerable quantity, 

 rhe elevation of the temperature lo 50 deg. will 

 •aiise the cream to rise in thirty hours; at 00 

 leg., in twenty-four hours; at HO deg., in twelve 

 ji- fifteen hours. 



Much depends upon the temperature of the 

 ■reani when the churning is commenced. We 

 bund, from repeated experiments, thai the 

 i' am, when churning is commenced, should not 

 x- under 55 deg. It will ri.se in churning from 5 

 o 10 degrees. In winter this temperature can 

 sasilj he attained. In summer it cannot lie at- 

 tuned without lha aid of ice, or very cold well 

 water. In Pennsylvania, spring-houses are much 

 ised, where a constant stream of cool spring 

 water passes through for the purpose of regulat- 

 ni.' the temperature. 



For milk-pans we preferred tin, of the ordina- 

 ry size, holding about six quarts, which were 

 ihout three-fourths filled, which gave a depth of 

 iliont linr iui lies of milk. We tried bread slial- 

 ow pans, with the milk only about an inch deep, 

 supposii g the greater the surface exposed the 

 ;reater the quantity of cream would rise, but 

 aich was ii"i the fact. 



The greatest quantity of cream from the least 

 pi.-miitv of milk we ever obtained, was by the 

 neans of a Water-bath, or double pans, as fel- 

 ons: — The pan into which the milk was strain- 

 id, was four inches deep, mid flaring. Another 

 nade six inches deep, ami nearly straight in the 

 dries, and just large enough at the top to receive 

 uid embrace the upper pan, within half an inch 

 if th" top. and it should tit tight, so that little if 

 inj of the steam will escape. A small tube was 

 soldered near the top of the under pan lor the 

 id mission of hot waiter, and a small bole was 

 made on the opposite side for the escape of air 

 while pouring in the hot water. The first I had 

 '.wis soldered together at the top, but we 

 found it difficult to wash and dry ; being sepa- 

 ral ■. they can be washed and dried without dif- 

 ficulty. 



The mill; was strained into the upper pan and 

 left at rest for twelve hours; then the same 

 piautily of boiling water was introduced into 

 the under pan and suffered to stand twelve hours 

 longer, when the cream was found perfectly 

 separated and of such consistence that the whole 

 might he lifted off, by lie: linger and thumb. 



The cream was churned immediately after 

 -kimuiiug at a temperature of 58 degrees. In 

 [his manner first quality of rich yellow butter 

 was obtained in the month of March. Under 

 he oi Unary treatment, much b'ss butter would 

 have been obtained, and of a white color, insipid, 

 i!t flavor and unlit for the table. Besides it 

 is a long and tedious operation to convert the 

 [■ream into butter, while In I lie- former process it 

 ipics but a few moments. 



Churning tie.' milk is a much more laborious 

 method, from the difficulty of keeping in motion 

 -uih large quantities of fluid ; but in this way it 

 is .-aid that a larger quantity of butter is obtained, 

 nftd of : more d ilicate flavor. 



The rising of the cream and the churning is 

 but a portion of the process for making good 

 butter. There is some skill or art required in 

 working it which cannot be described; hut suf- 

 fice to say, it is best done with a bowl and ladle, 

 in a peculiar manner, to press out the milk — for 

 unless the milk is thoroughly separated it is 

 less lo expect good butler that will keep 

 sweet any length of time. If not properly work- 

 ed, and the miik thoroughly extracted, it is apt to 

 he soft, spongy, or oily. In some dairies the 

 baud is used instead of the ladle, hut we protest 

 RgHlllsl that, as the heat of the haul! is injurious. 

 In others the butter is washed with pure cold 

 water as long as the water is rendered milky. — 

 \\ e preferred not lo wash it, believing that much 

 or big I 



of the aroma 

 the water. 



Albany, Dec. 1847. 



flavor was carried off by 

 C. N. BEMENT. 



Tin: Vise in France. — It is estimated that, in 

 France, not less than five millions of acres are 

 devoted to the cultivation of the vine. The an- 

 nual value of the products of this branch of her 

 agriculture, wine and fruit, is five hundred mil- 

 lions of francs. 



From the Genesee Farmer. 

 The Farmer.— His Position, Responsibilities 



and Dn: 



The district school system is one of the distin- 

 guished features of the world, lis adaptation 

 and fitness liu- the country, ami ihc almost im- 

 perative necessity in view of our political insti- 

 tutions, and their perpetuity, renders everything 

 connected with ii of decided interest and im- 

 portance. It is said that the ancient Egyptians 

 inscribed on their libraries " Remedies for the 

 diseases of the Soul," and so might we write 

 over the door-posts of our school houses, reme- 

 dies for, and preventives of diseases in the body 

 politic, and promoter ol the morality, good order 

 and safety of society. As New Yorkers, we just- 

 ly feel proud of our educational advantages, and, 

 as patriots and philanthropists, we are bound to 

 cheerish and labor to improve and elevate them. 



Education is one of those indefinite terms 

 which admit of almost any latitude. In its real 

 and true signification, it is a progressive and 

 never-ending work. The whole life-time of men 

 is but a movement onward, and it is perhaps 

 'safest to believe the elevated and beautiful idea 

 that, throughout all eternity, man w ill continue 

 to increase in knowledge and advance in wis 

 dom. Hut it is not in this broad view that 1 now 

 propose to regard the term education. 1 define 

 it for present purposes as a disciplinary process, 

 fitting the mind for the business of life; not only 

 the accumulation of knowledge- and intelligence, 

 but the acquisition of habits of order, industry 

 and economy in proportion for the active duties 

 ami responsibilities of life. This work belongs 

 to the school-room; there the boy is to be pre- 

 pared for manhood. In process of time nature 

 will develop the full Capacity of the physical 

 system, but the mind is not made of the same 

 material, and cannot alone come to its full 

 strength and capacity. lis food and nourishment 

 is made of different matter than that which feeds 

 and invigorates the body; it must have the aid 

 of other minds — must have facts and figures, ar 

 bitrary rules and distinct principles, and obtain 

 them not by instinct, but by hard study, severe 

 thinking, and the rigid application of the mental 

 faculties. 



The school-book, the school-house, and the 

 school-master are these important requisites in 

 training the mind and bringing om its power and 

 energy. Mind, like the body, is the work of the 

 great Architect, it is the gift of God, and may 

 and does exist in all its glory and majesty in the 

 poor man as in the rich : it knows no distinction, 

 only in its means of development and in its edu- 

 cational polish. Then how glorious to educate 

 all the people — how high and solemn the duty lo 

 give to till the advantages of mental culture. 



The district school belongs emphatically lo 

 the masses; they are the people's school; they 

 know no caste, nor recognize any distinction, but 

 broadly unfold their beautiful panoply ami cover 

 all alike, and say, without respect to person or 

 condition, •'come and partake of my benefits." 

 God has given the mind ; ours is the duty to un- 

 fold the power and prepare for systematic and 

 useful action, this richest and mightiest of God's 

 gifts. 



It is the highest glory and proudest boast of 

 the Empire Slate that she has thus provided a 

 system lor the education of her children. Right- 

 ly does she judge, and wisely act, when she thus 

 provides for the safety of herself and the eleva- 

 tion of her people. And have the farmers no 

 interest in this mailer;-' Yes, they have most of 

 all ; for they are more numerous than all other 

 classes. The district school is truly almost ex- 

 clusively their own ; it is to most of then) their 

 only school, and it behooves them to look well 

 to these seminaries, so peculiarly tin ir own. 

 Their children, nine out of ten if not ninety-nine 

 out of every hundred, wiil be educated in litem, 

 for they have nowhere else to go. Then let the 

 district school be elevated, improved and made 

 what il should and may be. And as one improve- 

 ment, almost indispensably necessary to the 

 farmers, there should be, and must he, a depart- 

 ment devoted to agriculture, lean discover no 

 reason why it should not form a regular branch 

 o( common school education; nor why ever} 

 college and academy in the State should not 

 have their professorship department devoted to 

 agriculture as a distinct branch of study and ed- 

 ucation. Is there anything in the subject which 



precludes this? Is there any difficulty in re- 

 ducing to a regular science, ami of so arranging 

 and classifying its different branches, as to per- 

 mit it being made a part of the educational pro- 

 cess of the young .- I think not; hut on the con- 

 trary, agriculture is a science, possessing, in all 

 its ramifications, distinctive features; is governed 

 by fixed facts and unerring principles, which the 

 young farmer should learn by study and close 

 application of his mental faculties. They should 

 be engraven on bis mind when it is young and 

 plastic and capable of receiving and retaining 

 impressions, and this subject may, I imagine, he 

 introduced in every district school ill the Slate, 

 without any detriment to the branches now 

 taught in those schools and w ilhout interfering 

 with the regular course of common school edu- 

 cation. 



Much reflection has satisfied my own mind of 

 the great importance of the subject. 1 regard it 

 as an essential step towards the elevation of the 

 farming interests — a necessary ingredient in lift- 

 ing up to their real position the farmer of this 

 country. The Stale lias been beneficent in her 

 school funds ; but the farmer has not as yet bad 

 his full share of the benefits accruing from tlieui. 

 He has been content to look on listlessly, anil let 

 other classes reap the harvest which his own in- 

 dustry had provided. Let him now arise from 

 bis lethargy, and begin to cast about and see if 

 there be no place where his sons can go and 

 learn to become farmers, as .veil as doctors, law- 

 yers and divines. It seems to me that the farmers 

 have a right to use a portion of the money which 

 belongs to them to advance their own calling — 

 not, indeed to tear clow n, or prejudice others, but 

 to elevate their own business to the dignity of a 

 science, to be taught and learned in the schools 

 of the State. 



First of all, we want agricultural school-books 

 and agricultural teachers, or persons qualified to 

 teach agriculture. Thevery initiator] step, then, 

 is to find men lo prepare books adapted to the 

 instruction of children, and then to find compe- 

 tent teachers who can use them. I would then 

 reverse the usual rule ; begin at the top and 

 work down. Begin by establishing and endow- 

 ing an agricultural school or schools, by the Le- 

 gislature of the State, and with that, or them, as 

 a nucleus, I would begin the work of making 

 agriculture a regular science — a branch of edu- 

 cation for the older scholars in every school 

 district, just as much as arithmetic is now. The 

 thing is in the highest degree practicable. It 

 may and should be begun at the present session 

 of the Legislature. That bod) should be called 

 upon and (breed to appropriate a portion of the 

 literary or other fund fortius purpose ; and then, 

 ere five years shall pass away, the great work 

 will have been accomplished. To me it appears 

 plain and clear, and I ask the farmers of the. 

 State to come up to the work and insist on their 

 rights — demand for their children agricultural 

 schools, aided by a (air portion of the literary 

 fund — insist that Daniel Lee and bis school, or 

 those of a similar character, be sustained by the 

 funds of the State, as well as Geneva College. 

 Stand up for your rights and you will obtain 

 them ; but never until vou do. 



D. A. OGDE.V 



Domestic Kducation of Females. 



The greatest danger to females, at the present 

 time, is the neglect of domestic education. Not 

 only to themselves, but to husbands, families and 

 the community at large, jlocs this danger im- 

 pend. By far the greatest amount of happiness 

 in civilized life is found in the domestic relations, 

 and most of this depends on the domestic cul- 

 ture and habits of the wife and mother. Let her 

 bo intellectually educated as highly as possible ; 

 let her moral and social nature receive the high- 

 est graces of vigor and refinement ; but along 

 with these let the domestic virtues find ample 

 place. 



We cannot say much to our daughters about 

 their being hereafter wives and mothers, but we 

 ought to Ihink much of it, and to give the thought 

 prominence in our plans for their education. 

 Good wives they cannot he, at least for men of 

 intelligence without mental culture; good moth- 

 ers they certainly cannot be without it; and 

 more than this, they cannot be such wives as 

 men need, unless tbev are good house-keepers : 



